Memory

Question 1

What are the neural correlates of memory?

Answer 1

Episodic memory: involves the medial temporal lobes including the hippocampus and the parahippocampal cortex

Question 2

Name and define each of the stages of the memory process.

Answer 2

Registration– input from senses into the memory system
Encoding – processing and combining of received information
Storage – holding of that input in the memory system
Retrieval – recovering stored information from the memory system (remembering)

Question 3

What are the three middle components of Baddley’s multicomponent model of working memory?

Answer 3

Visuospatial sketchpad – occipital lobe
Episodic buffer – bilateral frontal and temporal lobes and the hippocampus
Phonological loop – left parietal

Question 4

Draw Baddeley’s model

Answer 4

Baddeley Model

Question 5

What is the misinformation effect?

Answer 5

Distortion of a memory by misleading post-event information

Question 6

What is the difference between the recall of a victim compared to an onlooker?

Answer 6

Fear improves recall

Victims remember everything better than onlookers

Question 7

Describe Loftus and Palmar’s eyewitness testimony study.

Answer 7

Subjects see a film depicting a car accident and are then asked several questions about what they saw
Experimenters manipulate the way one question is asked to determine its effects on recall If they said ‘smashed’ then the subjects were 3 x more likely to falsely recall the grass breaking (as speed is estimated as being higher)

Question 8

State two strategies for enhancing memory.

Answer 8

By assimilation – linking words with previous knowledge/giving words a meaning
Learn by mnemonics

Question 9

What are the two types of long-term memory?

Answer 9

Non-declarative– familiarity with something, knowledge of how to interact with object or in situation without thinking about it
• Called procedural memory for actions and behaviours
• Complex activities can be carried out without thinking

Declarative– store of our knowledge

Question 10

What are the two types of declarative memory?

Answer 10

Episodic– memory related to personal experience (e.g. knowing what you did last night)

Semantic– memory for facts and what we think of as general knowledge (e.g. knowing the capital of France)