Memory

Question 1

Ultra short term memory

Answer 1

DescriptionThis is also called sensoric or echoic/iconic memory and lasts from milliseconds to seconds

Question 2

Short term (working memory)

Answer 2

DescriptionLasts from seconds to minutes. A feature of short-term memory is capacity limitation with most people being able to retain about seven items in short-term memory.

Features of the working memory:

Phonological Loop - responsible for auditory and verbal information
Visuospatial Sketch Pad - where visual and spatial information is handled
Episodic buffer
Central executive - co-ordinates the other features of working memory

Question 3

Long term memory

Answer 3

DescriptionThis refers to the retention of information from minutes to an entire lifetime. This does not appear to be capacity limited and results from changes to neuronal structure

Question 4

Declarative (explicit memory)

Answer 4

Declarative memories are further divided into semantic (fact based) and episodic (event based) memories.

Question 5

Non-declarative (implicit memory)

Answer 5

Implicit (nondeclarative) memories fall into three types.

Procedural - the acquisition of sensorimotor, perceptual, or cognitive skills through repeated exposure
Priming - the facilitation of a response to an item previously encountered
Conditioning and extinction

Question 6

Memory neuroscience

Answer 6

The hippocampal formation linked with regions of medial temporal lobe and parts of the prefontal cortex are involved with the encoding and retrieval of episodic memories. The memory traces themselves (called engrams) are stored in the neocortex.

Interactions with the hippocampal formation and the amygdala are important for emotional memories.

The basal ganglia and cerebellum are involved in procedural memory.

The amygdala plays a key role in fear conditioning and extinction

The dorsolatereral prefontal cortex (DLPFC) is thought to be important for working memory.

Question 7

Echoic memory

Answer 7

Echoic memory is the sensory memory register specific to auditory information (sounds). The sensory memory for sounds that people have just perceived is the form of echoic memory.[1] Unlike visual memory, in which our eyes can scan the stimuli over and over, the auditory stimuli cannot be scanned over and over, although from a classical physics definition they both can and can not be so equally. Imaging input will always be at least slightly different due to other stray bits of light, just as a recorded sound will almost never have an identical total sound profile when played at different times. Time itself affects the sound every bit as much as photons such as in things seen. etc.