Memory Flashcards
Outline the procedures,findings and conclusions found by P+P.
P - participants were asked to recall a nonsense trigram at different 3 second intervals.
- to prevent rehearsal they used the brown Peterson technique in which participants had to count backs in 3s from a 3 digit number.
F - 3 - 90%
- 9 - 20%
- 18 - 2%
- 30 - 0%
C - STM has a duration of 18 - 30 seconds.
In which year did Jacobs investigate STM and what did he investigate?
1887 - capacity
Outline the procedures,findings and conclusions found by Jacobs.
A - To determine the capacity of STM.
P - A serial digit/letter span was used. This means that participants were presented with a series of numbers and letters and asked to recall them immediately after seeing them. After each correct recall another digit was added each time. A digit span was reached when participants are 50%.
F - Average digit span = 9.3% Average letter span = 7.3%.
- digit span increased(??) with age.
- participants ‘chunked’ to help them remember.
C - STM has a capacity of 7+/- 2 items.
Define the sensory register.
A store of sensory information (from the sensory receptors) that lasts no more than a few seconds but has a large capacity.
Which researcher in which year investigated the coding of long term memory?
Baddeley.
Outline the procedures,findings and conclusions found by Baddeley.
A - to determine the coding and duration of LTM and STM.
P - participants had to learn lists containing 4 semantically similar words ( e.g. Great, big, huge, wide), 4 acoustically similar words (e.g. Cat, mat, sat, hat), 4 acoustically dissimilar words (e.g. Mug, sat, eat, lie), and 4 semantically dissimilar words (e.g. Hug, sleep fight and tree).
- They were then asked to recall the word lists immediately and also 10 minutes later.
F - Immediately - participants recalled acoustically dissimilar words better than acoustically similar. There was little difference between the semantically similar and dissimilar words.
- After 20 minutes - Participants recalled semantically dissimilar words better than the semantically similar words. There was little difference between the acoustic lists.
C - STM = acoustic coding.
- LTM = semantic coding.
Define long term memory.
A permanent store holding unlimited amounts of information for an unlimited amount of time.
Which researcher in which year investigated the duration of LTM?
Bahrick et al in 1975.
Outline the procedures,findings and conclusions found by Bahrick et Al.
A - to prove or disprove the existence of VLTM and investigate the quality of recall and recognition in the VLTM.
P - participants(392 graduates from an American high school) were shown photos of pupils from their yearbook. They were then asked a recall task in which they had to name the people in the photographs from only their memory. Finally they were asked to perform a recognition task in which they match names to the people I’m the photographs.
F - Recognition task = 90% correct after 14 years. 60% correct after 47 years.
- Recall task = 60% correct after 7 years. 20% after 47 years.
C - Recognition better in VLTM.
- People can recall certain information in VLTM but may need cues for other information.
Evaluate P+P’s research into STM.
✅ LAB - RELIABLE - VALID - LOW EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
❌ LOW ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY.
Evaluate Jacob’s research into STM.
✅ ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY - REMEMBERING PHONE NUMBERS.
- LAB - RELIABILITY - VALIDITY - LOW EX VARIABLES.
❌ - LAB - DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
ARGUABLY LOW ECOLOGICAL VALIDY.
Evaluate Baddeley’s research into coding.
✅ LAB - VALIDITY - RELIABILITY.
❌ LOW ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY.
LAB - DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS - LOW VALIDITY.
Evaluate Bahrick et Al’s research into VLTM.
✅ LAB - HIGH CONTROL - VALID - RELIABILITY - LOW EX VARIABLES - CAUSE AND EFFECT.
❌ LOW VALIDITY - PEOPLE MAY HAVE HAD CONTACT SINCE HIGH SCHOOL.
RELIABILITY.
LAB - DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS.
Who developed the multi - store model and in which year?
Atkinson and Shriffin 1968.
Outline the multi - store model.
The multi-store model of memory was developed in 1968 by Atkinson and Shriffin as the first attempt of explaining how memory works in the brain.
The model states that sensory memory contains the sensory register (a store that holds unlimited sensory information for a short amount of time) which receives sensory information (e.g. Smells and sounds) from the sensory receptors. Information can be lost from this register through decay.
In order to pass information from the sensory memory to the short term memory(STM) attention must be paid to it. The STM is a store that can hold 7+/-2 items of information for 18-30 seconds. Maintainence rehearsal occurs in this store to remember information. However information is also lost in this store through decay and DISPLACEMENT.
By performing elaborative rehearsal, information is passed from the STM into the long term memory (LTM). The LTM is a permanent store in which an unlimited capacity of information is held for an unlimited duration of time. However like the previous stores, information is lost through, decay, displacement but also retrieval failure.
Memory uses retrieval to recall information from the STM.
Evaluate the MSM.
✅ - There is supporting case study evidence. HM - anterograde amnesia after having brain tissue removed - couldn’t encode new ltm memories but STM unaffected - supports separate stores.
Clive wearing - virus gave him anterograde amnesia but he still had procedural ltm - playing piano.
- There is research evidence - P+P using the brown Peterson technique support the idea of rehearsal.
Baddeley showed LTM to be a separate store to STM.
- helped people to find a greater understanding of how memory works.
- serial position effect Murdock 1962.
❌ - OVER SIMPLIFIED - assumes there are single stm and ltm stores - Tulving and WMM disproves this.
- The model is not linear - rehearsal is not the only way to remember things, Cohen believed that capacity was measured by nature of info not amount. - Flashbulb memory.
- ignores the PROCESSES - that e.g. What is the process that allows us to draw information from ltm to understand STM, e.g. Understanding the language we’re hearing.
Outline the working memory model.
The working memory model (WMM) is a model designed by Baddeley and hitch in 1971. It was developed ism response to the multi store model since it focuses on the active processes used during the short term storage of information.
Baddeley and hitch stated that memory has 4 components. The first of which is the central executive. This acts as the ‘boss’ of the system. It receives information from sensory receptors however has a limited capacity so decides which pieces of information receive attention. It then decides to which slave system this information is directed.
There are 2 slave systems, one being the phonological loop. This consists of the phonological store and the articulatory control system. The phonological store acts as the ‘inner ear’. It holds speech based information for a limited duration of 1.5-2 seconds. (Spoken words enter directly but written words must be converted into articulately code). The articulatory control system acts as the ‘inner voice’. It also holds information for 1.5-2 seconds but rehearses this information through sub-vocal repetition in order to remember it.
The remaining slave system is the Visuo-spatial sketch pad. It acts as the ‘inner eye’: containing visual and spatial information and the relationships between them, e.g. A students walk to school. Logie (1995) suggests that there are sub dividing stores. The visual cache which deals with information about form and colour and the inner scribe which stores information about the spatial relationships of items and rehearsals informations from the visual cache.
The final competent is the episodic buffer. This system integrates acoustic and visual information from the previous stores to creates memories that are to be transferred into the LTM.
Evaluate the working memory model.
✅ - There is supporting case study evidence to prove the existence of seperate slave systems. KF suffered a motorbike accident which left him with brain damage to the left occipital lobe. His digit span was affected but could process visual and auditory information.
- Takes emphasis off rehearsal and places it on processes. - Application to real life - children with ADHD are believed to have impaired wm/ the us Air Force used the ability to do dual tasks as part of their recruitment. - PET and fmri scans have been used to show a separation in slave stores. For example PET scans show that different brain areas are activated when doing visual and verbal tasks. Furthermore Bunge in 2000 proved that dual tasks produce more activity on fmri scans than single tasks. - There is supporting research evidence. Baddeley and hitch in 1976 carried out
Define short term memory.
A temporary store in the brain that holds a limited amount of information for brief periods of time.
Define semantic LTM.
A form of long term memory for remembering meanings, understandings and other concept based knowledge. E.g. Historical facts and dates or phone numbers.
