Memory Flashcards
Self reference effect
We particularly remember things that we link to our self. The self is very important and meaningful to us.
Levels of processing
Originally a criticism. Basic claim of levels of processing is that memory is a byproduct of how deeply you process information, and not just from rehearsal.
Shallow processing
Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words: superficial aspects. Structural processing: appearance. Phonemic processing: sound.
Deep processing
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of words. Semantic processing: meaning. Involves linking new information with previous knowledge, something that happens as you take more advanced university classes.
Encoding and levels of processing
The processing of information into the memory system. How we get information into our brains. Levels of processing suggests that we encode information differently depending on whether shallow or deep processing occurs. Encoding fails more often than we typically realize.
We organize our memories into frameworks called:
Schemas
There are different levels of ____________ from shallow too deep
Processing information
Our memory is ______, so we can sometimes create false memories.
Reconstructive
Intelligence
Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
Street smarts
Knowing how to survive the urban environment, know what streets/people to avoid, no common scams.
Book smarts
Academically educated, they can tell you about things typically learned in academia
General intelligence [G]
A general intelligence that underlies all intelligence. Often measured with an IQ test
Sternberg’s three intelligences
Analytical intelligence: Sternberg called “componential.” Academic problem solving. The stuff in the IQ tests. Well defined problems with a single correct answer.
Creative intelligence: Sternberg called experiential. Reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas. Finding new ways of dealing with things.
Practical intelligence: Sternberg called practical, sometimes called contextual. Every day tasks. Often called the street smarts.
Emotional intelligence
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.
People can excel in academics, but fail in Social Security shins, and vice versa.
Not everyone agrees on exactly what emotional intelligence is.
Multiple intelligence criticisms
Some intelligences just seem like ability, and not really intelligence in the traditional mental cents.
Are we more intelligent than our ancestors? In terms of IQ.
Yes, higher IQ scores in all cultures where there is data. This rise in IQ scores is called the Flynn effect. Jumps of between five and 25 points per generation.
Why is intelligence increasing?
Maybe IQ is a proxy for health. Her health is getting better, so I Q is as well. But nutrition improvements do not closely follow IQ improvements, so probably not health.
Better education: successfully navigating an ever increasing complex world requires a lot of learning. We have a lot more education than ancestors.
Stereotype threat
Blacks worry about confirming the stereotypes that they are less intelligent, so they perform worse.
Are Asians better at math than Americans: school differences
More days in school. More time on math. More real world examples. More homework.
Are east Asians better at math than Americans: conceptual differences.
Education more central to live for Asians. More likely to have a desk then Americans
Cognitive schemas
Mental frameworks that organize expectations: they give meaning.
