Memory Flashcards
Research into the central executive
Baddley - discovered that participants found it difficult to do two visual tasks at once suggesting that the central executive has limited capacity and can only cope with one type of information at a time.
Research into the phonological loop
Trojani and Grossi - reported in the case study of s.c who had brain damage effecting the functioning of the phonological loop but not his Visio spatial sketch pad, suggesting they are two different stores.
Research into the Visuo-spatial sketch pad
Trojani and Grossi - found in a case study of S.C who had brain damage affecting his phonological loop but not his Visuo-spatial sketch pad , suggesting they are separate stores.
Research into the episodic buffer
Alkhalifa - reported on a patient with severly impaired LTM capacity , demonstrated STM capacity of up to 25 items , exceeding the capacity of both the phonological loop and visuo spatial sketch pad. This suggests that the existence of an episodic buffer which holds items until they are recalled.
Evaluation of the working memory model
Baddley - found that if information was of different sorts , the capacity of the STM was bigger , suggesting that there are different stores for different information.
Duration of the LTM
Bahrick- 329 American high school students aged between 17-74 were used in an opportunity sample. They were tested on name recognition and photo recognition of former class mates. There was 99% accuracy of name recognition , which reinforces the idea that the LTM has unlimited duration.
Encoding in STM and LTM
Baddley - Participants were given sets of four words to remember in an STM task and LTM task.
They were either similar sounding, different sounding ,similar meaning or different meaning.
Participants were more likely to get confused on similar sounds in the STM task and similar meaning on the LTM task.
STM is encoded acoustically and LTM is encoded semantically.
Duration in STM
Peterson and Peterson - asked participants to remember trigrams after delays of 3,6,9,12,15 or 18 seconds.
During delays they would be asked to cont backwards in threes from a random number to prevent rehearsal.
Results found that : after 3 secs - 80%
After 6 secs - 50% recalled
After 18 secs less than 10% could recall the trigrams.
Capacity of the STM
Baddley et al - gave participants lists of one syllable words and polysyllabic words.
They were asked to write down five words in order immediately after being presented.
More short words were remembered than long words suggesting how long it takes Someone to articulate a word can impact on the capacity of the STM.
Evaluation of the multi-storey model
+ glanced and Cunits did an experiment into memory which showed the serial position effect. This suggests there is an LTM and STM.
- It is too simplistic
Anxiety on eyewitness testimony
Yerkes Dodson model suggests that arousal helps performance up to a certain point (optimum) then performance gets worse.
loftus- showed two groups of participants two different videos, one of a low key discussion about equipment failure and one of a heated , hostile disscussion with crashing chairs and a man came out with a knife in blood.
1st condition : accurate 49% of the time
2nd condition accurate 33% of the time
Suggest anxiety can impact on EWT and cause ‘weapon focus’
Yuille + cutshal - real life shooting
Reconstructive memory
Bartletts study ‘war of the ghosts’ showed that when people didn’t understand the full story they made assumptions at certain parts which became a part of their memory but were incorrect.
Eye witness testimony - misleading questions
Loftus-
Showed participants a film of a car accident and were asked how fast the car was going.
In one condition participants were asked how fast the car was going when it ‘smashed’ and in another the word contacted was used.
Smashed - 40.8 mph
Contacted - 31.8 mph
Age in EWT
Roberts and lamb - found that children’s interviews of abuse were misinterpreted as they were scared of contradicting an authority figure.
Loftus - elderly people were more likely to have poor recall.
Coxon + Valentine ❤️- the total number of questions answered correctly was worse in young children and older adults after watching a kidnapping.
The cognitive interview
- report everything
- context reinstatement ( recall details about the weather and mood )
- change recall order
- Change perspective
