Memory Flashcards
Support of leading questions as a explanation for inaccurate eye witness testimony
Practicle application
Cognitive interview
Avoid leading questions instead asked to report everything
Only ask open ended questions
Research shown this increase amount of accurate info given
Strength of post event discussion as an explanation for inaccurate eye witness testimony
Then counter
Gabbert et al research is high controlled
Replicable to check reliability and cause and affect can be established
So quality of this research strengthen argument
HOWEVER
artificial studies
Level of anxiety and seriousness that would be present in actual witnessing of a crime is missing so low ecological validity
FOSTER ET AL found eye witness more accurate when they believed the video was real and that their responses would influence trial
Criticism of loftus and palmer research
Sampling bias
All American uni students
Not been driving long as young so how accurate of an insight would their estimate of speed be
Evaluation of how anxiety affects accuracy of eye witness testimony
JOHNSON AND SCOTT- 16% less could identify man in high anxiety condition (weapon focus)
BUT ETHICAL ISSUES
deception, psychological harm, lack of informed consent means participants lack right to withdraw
YUILLE AND CUTSHALL ALSO SHOW THAT ANXIETY HAVE POSTIVIE AFFECT, most distressed have most accurate account and this study was more ecologically valid, actual eye witnesses used
HOWEVER
This study lack control as may have been post event discussion that strengthen memory
Most distressed was also the ones closest so proximity might have been a factor, lack of control of this, they saw more as they were closer so harder to establish cause and effect
Supporting evidence for cognitive interview
GEISELMAN ET AL
Found 29 on average correct items recalled with standard interview but 41 with cognitive
Limitations of cognitive interview with research
KOHNKEN ET AL
Meta analysis
Analysed 42 studies, in total 2500 interviews
Found more errors produced when enhanced cognitive interview used than original
Also time consuming as have to train police officers
Supporting evidence for each retrieval failure explanation
CONTEXT DEPENDENT-
Godden and Baddeley
Found retrieval was best for conditions one and four, when they both learned and retrieved in the same place (in water or on land) as external cues were present as internal cues same
STATE DEPENDENT-
Carter and Cassady
same as other study, recall better in condition one and four when asked to recall info in same state they was in, either on antihistamine drug for both or not
Evaluation of the supporting research for retrieval failure
Context/ state dramatically different
Unlike many day to day experiences of forgetting we encounter
Practical application tho
For revision techniques
Supporting evidence for different types of long term memory
TULVING-
Participants asked to recall certain memories while blood flow monitored using PET scans
Different parts of brain activated when different types of memory recalled
HOWEVER, rare so can you generalise?
HM CASE STUDY-
Hippocampus removed to help epeleptic seizures
Memory affected
Could form procedural memories but not episodic of semantic
Learned how to draw a star by looking in the mirror, but didn’t remember doing it previously (episodic) and forgot name of person after he left (semantic)
Research support for interference
BADDELEY AND HITCH
the more games the rugby players played the harder it was for them to recall specific games
As info similar so interference
