Memory

Question 1

What is episodic memory?

Answer 1

ability to recall events from personal lives with emotions

Question 2

what is semantic memory?

Answer 2

facts and general knowledge

Question 3

What is procedural memory?

Answer 3

Skills that can be recalled automatically

Question 4

what’s an example of episodic memory?

Answer 4

first kiss, getting married, first day of school

Question 5

what’s an example of procedural memory?

Answer 5

riding a bike, playing an instrument, walking, driving

Question 6

what is the phonological loop?

Answer 6

used for speaking and listening tasks

Question 7

what is the central executive?

Answer 7

controller which acts as a processor dealing with incoming information

Question 8

What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 8

temporary storage system used for the manipulation, planning and understanding of visual and spatial info

Question 9

what is the episodic buffer?

Answer 9

general storage component to explain how info incoming from STM can be integrated into the LTM

Question 10

who was the Working Memory Model proposed by?

Answer 10

Baddely and Hitch

Question 11

What does the WMM replace?

Answer 11

the STM as the STM is much more complex than just one component.

Question 12

What is supporting evidence for the WMM?

Answer 12

Baddely (1975) ‘Word length effect’

• participants were asked to recall long and short words
• participants found it harder to recall long words than short

Question 13

What is the Multi-store memory model?

Answer 13

the multi-store model of memory was created by Atkinson and Shiffrin and consists of three stores which are the sensory information store, STM and the LTM.

Question 14

How is each stores info categorised?

Answer 14

Capacity- amount of info

Duration- how long info is stored for

Encoding- the way/ form info is categorised

Question 15

What are the parts of sensory memory?

Answer 15

haptic, echoic, iconic, olfactory, gustatory

Question 16

How is the STM encoded?

Answer 16

acoustically

Question 17

what is the capacity of the STM?

Answer 17

5-9 items

Question 18

What is the duration of the STM?

Answer 18

20 seconds

Question 19

What is the encoding of the LTM?

Answer 19

semantically

Question 20

What is the duration of the LTM?

Answer 20

unlimited

Question 21

What is the capacity of the LTM

Answer 21

unlimited

Question 22

What is the experimental supporting evidence for the MSM?

Answer 22

Bahrick

-found overtime some memories fade but some dont

• asked older and younger people to recall classmates
• older recalled 70% while younger recalled 90%
• older still recalled lots which shows LTM is unlimted

Question 23

what is proactive interference?

Answer 23

the forgetting of new information due to old information interfering

Question 24

what is retroactive interference?

Answer 24

the forgetting of old information due to new information interfering

Question 25

What are the parts of the WMM?

Answer 25

Central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, phonological loop, Long term memory

Question 26

What is anxiety in the context of EWT?

Answer 26

A state of emotional and physical arousal in response to a stressful situation

Question 27

What was the aim of the Christianson and Hubinette study?

Answer 27

To investigate whether anxiety can have a positive effect on EWT recall when the event involved is a real threat to ones life.

Question 28

What was the procedure of the Christianson and Hubinette study?

Answer 28

110 real life eyewitnesses were studies, who had each witnessed bank robberies in Sweden. Some were classed as low anxiety (onlookers), and some were classed as high anxiety (bank clerk) who had been directly threatened. Interviews with witnesses were conducted 4-15 months after the event to test for accuracy

Question 29

What were the results of the the Christianson and Hubinette study?

Answer 29

All witnesses showed generally good memories for detail of the robbery itself (better than 75% accurate recall) However, the bank clerk witnesses had the best recall of all.

Question 30

What was the conclusion of the the Christianson and Hubinette study?

Answer 30

Anxiety improved the accuracy of eyewitness testimony

Question 31

What are the features of Cognitive Interview?

Answer 31

Report everything, context reinstatement, change order, change perspective

Question 32

Why were standard police interviews not good?

Answer 32

Eyewitnesses were: Bombarded with questions Often interrupted Not allowed to talk freely Rushed through details

Question 33

Whats a leading question?

Answer 33

A question thats phrased in a way which implies an answer- 'Did you see the knife' implies there was a knife used

Question 34

What was the aim of the Loftus and Palmer study?

Answer 34

To investigate whether leading questions would result in EWT being inaccurate

Question 35

What was the procedure of the Loftus and Palmer study?

Answer 35

They conducted a lab experiment which investigated the effects of leading questions for memory of a car accident 45 students shown car accident and asked about speed of car with different verbs

Question 36

What verbs were used in the Loftus and Palmer study and which influenced witnesses answer of the speed of the car the most?

Answer 36

Smashed, collided, bumped, hit and contacted Smashed= highest at 41mph Contacted= lowest at 32mph

Question 37

What was the conclusion of the Loftus and Palmer study?

Answer 37

That being exposed to leading questions after and event has occurred can distort the witnesses' memory for that event.

Question 38

What is post event discussion?

Answer 38

Witnesses discussions with each other about the event after it has occurred.

Question 39

What is one strength of misleading information as a factor effecting EWT?

Answer 39

I= The research is high in reliability E= The research uses lab experiments and therefore has standardised procedures: - same video clip - same length of time - same questions asked C= The research is replicable, results have shown to be consistent and we can therefore reliably conclude that misleading information distorts EWT

Question 40

What is one weakness of misleading information as a factor effecting EWT?

Answer 40

I= Lab experiments are low in ecological validity E= The situation of watching a video clip of a crime is artificial and not the same as witnessing a crime in real life. C= The finding that misleading information distorts EWT may not be generalisable to real life crimes/ incidents