Memory Flashcards
What is coding/encoding?
When information comes into our memory system from sensory input, it needs to be changed into a form that our system can understand so we can store it.
What are the stages of multi store model?
Encoding
Capacity
Duration
What are the different types of memories?
Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory
What is sensory memory?
Immediate information from your sense
What is memory?
The ability to keep things in one’s mind and recall them at all.
What are the 3 processes involved in memory?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
What is encoding?
The learning of knowledge. Putting the things to remember into a code to store it.
What is storage?
The use of knowledge. Psychologists research into how much information can be stored. (Capacity)
What is retrieval?
To recall or remember. Psychologists research into how long information can be stored in the memory and retrieved. (Duration)
Is storage a part of long or short term memory?
Long term memory
Is retrieval a part of long or short term memory?
Long term memory.
What process is coding?
Coding is the process of converting
What are the types of coding?
Visual, acoustic, semantic.
What is visual encoding?
Memories stored visually
What is acoustic encoding?
Memories stored in terms of what they sound like.
What is semantic encoding?
Memories stored in terms of meaning.
What was Baddeley’s procedure?
Ppts were given a different lists of words to remember and asked to recall them in the correct order.
What were the 4 lists baddeley came up with?
- list 1: acoustically similar
- list 2: acoustically dissimilar
-list 3 : semantically similar - list 4: semantically dissimilar
What were baddeley’s findings?
- immediate recall: acoustically similar words had the worst recall therefore the information in STM is coded acoustically.
- delayed recall: when ppts had to wait 20 mins before recall. Semantically similar words had the worst recall therefore information in LTM is coded semantically.
Which type of memory is coded semantically?
Long term memory.
Which type of memory is coded acoustically?
Short term memory.
What is a limitation of Baddeley’s findings on STM?
P - STM may not be exclusively acoustic.
E - some experiments have shown visual codes also used in STM. (Brandimote study used visual coding in STM)
What is the immediate digit span study?
Jacobs 1887 - ppts had to repeat a string of numbers or letters that were presented to the, in the same order and the numbers of items graduallly increased until the ppts could no longer recall the sequence
What were Jacob’s findings?
Ppts had an average span of 7.3 letters and 9.3 numbers.
What is miller study?
He believes that things come in groups eg 7 days of the week etc. Therefore, he made observations of everyday practice to see whether people group sets of letters/numbers into meaningful units.
What did miller find out?
The spam (capacity) of STM is around 7 items +/-2 but can be improved by chunking.
What is trigram retention experiment?
Peterson and Peterson 1959
They gave students consonant syllables (trigrams) eg YCM to remember and then asked to count backwards from a particular number for 3-18 seconds depending on the condition. It was designed to prevent rehearsal of trigram students to recall trigrams.
What were the findings of Peterson and Peterson 1959?
As the seconds increased, the information from STM was forgotten.
What is bahrick et al’s study?
Ppts: high school graduates
Tested over 50 year period
They were shown their yearbook notes and had to recall names from memory OR had to match named that were given to them to photos.
What were bahrick et al’s findings?
Recognition group: 90% accuracy after 15 years and 70% after 48 years.
Free call: 60% after 15 years and 30% after 48 years.
Conclusion: LTM can last a very long time, especially for certain types of info.
