Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

• The process of acquisition, storage (encoding) and retrieval of information
• central to all cognitive processes

Question 2

Short term memory

Answer 2

• A unitary store separate from the long term memory
• maintenance rehearsal prevents decay
• includes capacity, duration and encoding
• proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 3

STM capacity

Answer 3

• 7 + - 2

Question 4

STM duration

Answer 4

• 18 - 30 seconds

Question 5

STM encoding

Answer 5

• Acoustic

Question 6

STM capacity study

Answer 6

• Miller (1956)
• tested capacity using digit span (recalling lists of numbers of increasing length)
• found between 5 and 9 to be the capacity for the STM
  Didn’t specify how much information is in each chunk

Question 7

Acquisition

Answer 7

• refers to an early stage of the learning process during which time a response is first established

Question 8

Storage

Answer 8

• refers to how information is stored, where, how long for, now much in each store and what kind of information is stored

Question 9

Retrieval

Answer 9

• refers to getting information out of storage and recalling it. If we can’t remember something it’s because retrieval failed

Question 10

STM duration study

Answer 10

• Peterson and Peterson
• duration is between 18 - 30 seconds
• used 3 letter meaningless trigrams to recall at varying intervals of time
• the higher the space between learning and recalling the less is remembered
• when a task (counting backwards from a specific number in intervals of 3 or 4) is performed between learning and recall to prevent rehearsal the accuracy decreases

Question 11

Long term memory

Answer 11

• A unitary store separate from the short term memory
• elaborate rehearsal enables transfer from STM to LTM
• includes capacity, duration and encoding
• proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 12

LTM capacity

Answer 12

• potentially infinite

Question 13

LTM duration

Answer 13

• Potentially infinite

Question 14

LTM encoding

Answer 14

• Semantic

Question 15

Types of LTM

Answer 15

• Explicit (declarative)
• implicit iron-declarative)

Question 16

Explicit (declarative)

Answer 16

• memories you have to actively recall
• episodic (experienced events)
• semantic (knowledge and concepts)

Question 17

Implicit (non-declarative)

Answer 17

• memories you don’t have to actively recall
• procedural (skills and actions)

Question 18

LTM duration study

Answer 18

• Bahrick
• 392 highschool graduates 17 - 74 years old
• asked to recall names to photos in their yearbooks
• accuracy of recall measured
• LTM could last a lifetime