Memory

Question 1

What is memory?

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage,
and retrieval of information

Question 2

Recall (retention measure)

Answer 2

retrieving information learned at an earlier time

Question 3

Recognition (retention measure)

Answer 3

identifying information previously learned

Question 4

Relearning (retention measure)

Answer 4

learning information more quickly a second time

Question 5

Memory encoding

Answer 5

transforming sensory information into stored memories

Question 6

Memory storage

Answer 6

retaining encoded information over time

Question 7

Memory retrieval

Answer 7

bring stored information to conscious awareness

Question 8

Sensory memory

Answer 8

a brief and immediate recording of sensory information
iconic memory - a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
echoic memory - a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Question 9

Short-term memory

Answer 9

holds a small amount of information for a brief period

Question 10

Long-term memory

Answer 10

permanent and limitless storage of information over time

Question 11

Working memory

Answer 11

allows individuals to manage and process information in real-time

Question 12

Implicit memory

Answer 12

unconscious recall of learned skills or habits
-riding a bike

Question 13

Explicit memory

Answer 13

conscious recall of facts and events
-remembering a birthday

Question 14

Effortful processing

Answer 14

mental activity that requires conscious effort

Question 15

Automatic processing

Answer 15

mental activities that require minimal effort or conscious awareness

Question 16

Chunking

Answer 16

organizing items into familiar, manageable units (automatically)

Question 17

Mnemonics

Answer 17

memory techniques that aid in information retention

Question 18

Spacing effect

Answer 18

spacing out learning sessions for better long-term retention

Question 19

Testing effect

Answer 19

increased long-term memory from retrieval (testing) of information

Question 20

Shallow processing

Answer 20

basic/surface-level encoding of information
-structure or appearance of words

Question 21

Deep processing

Answer 21

deeper level encoding of information
-meaning of words

Question 22

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 22

inability to form new long-term memories

Question 23

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 23

an inability to remember information from the past

Question 24

Proactive interference

Answer 24

prior learning disrupts the recall of new information

Question 25

Retroactive interference

Answer 25

new learning disrupts the recall of old information

Question 26

Repression

Answer 26

a defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

Question 27

Reconsolidation

Answer 27

previously stored memories are altered before being stored again

Question 28

Source amnesia

Answer 28

false memory for how, when, or where information was learned

Question 29

Misinformation effect

Answer 29

occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

Question 30

Deja vu

Answer 30

familiarity with a stimulus that unconsciously triggers retrieval of an earlier experience

Question 31

Episodic memory

Answer 31

explicit memory of personally experienced events

Question 32

Semantic memory

Answer 32

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge

Question 33

Flashbulb memories

Answer 33

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
(burned into the mind)

Question 34

Long-term-potentiation

Answer 34

strengthening of synaptic connections due to repeated stimulation

Question 35

Priming

Answer 35

exposure to a stimulus results in the unconscious activation of particular associations in memory

Question 36

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 36

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood

Question 37

Serial position effect

Answer 37

ability to recall the first and last items in a series best
(difficulty remembering the middle)