Memory Flashcards
What is memory?
the persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage,
and retrieval of information
Recall (retention measure)
retrieving information learned at an earlier time
Recognition (retention measure)
identifying information previously learned
Relearning (retention measure)
learning information more quickly a second time
Memory encoding
transforming sensory information into stored memories
Memory storage
retaining encoded information over time
Memory retrieval
bring stored information to conscious awareness
Sensory memory
a brief and immediate recording of sensory information
iconic memory - a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
echoic memory - a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
Short-term memory
holds a small amount of information for a brief period
Long-term memory
permanent and limitless storage of information over time
Working memory
allows individuals to manage and process information in real-time
Implicit memory
unconscious recall of learned skills or habits
-riding a bike
Explicit memory
conscious recall of facts and events
-remembering a birthday
Effortful processing
mental activity that requires conscious effort
Automatic processing
mental activities that require minimal effort or conscious awareness
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units (automatically)
Mnemonics
memory techniques that aid in information retention
Spacing effect
spacing out learning sessions for better long-term retention
Testing effect
increased long-term memory from retrieval (testing) of information
Shallow processing
basic/surface-level encoding of information
-structure or appearance of words
Deep processing
deeper level encoding of information
-meaning of words
Anterograde amnesia
inability to form new long-term memories
Retrograde amnesia
an inability to remember information from the past
Proactive interference
prior learning disrupts the recall of new information
