Memory Flashcards
Serial- Position Effect
Tendency to remember the first and last items rather than those in the middle
Massed vs. Distributed Practice
Studying for an exam for three hours straight (massed) vs. studying for one hour each day over three days (distributed)
Spacing Effect
The phenomenon where information is better retained when study sessions are spaced out rather than massed together.
Shallow Encoding
Remembering a word’s spelling without understanding its meaning.
Deep Encoding
Connecting new vocabulary words to personal experiences or emotions.
Maintenance Rehearsal
A memory technique that involves repeating information to keep it in short-term memory
ex. repeating a number to yourself
Elaborative Rehearsal
Creating a story to remember a list of words. linking new information to previously stored information
Autobiographical Memory
A type of explicit memory that includes personal experiences and specific events in one’s life.
ex. Recalling your prom
Explicit Memories
Factual information ex. Where you parked this morning or what dinner you have with a friend earlier last month
Episodic Memories
Ability to listen, store and retrieve information about unique personal experiences happening in daily life
Semantic Memories
is a type of long-term memory that refers to facts or ideas which are not immediately drawn from personal experience
Implicit Memories
Forming term memory that doesn’t require only conscious retrieval
Procedural Memories
Long-term memory individual performance of different actions and skills ex. riding a bike
Encode
Meeting someone for the first time you associate their name with their face
Storage
Meeting a celebrity will be stored as a long term memory
Retrieval
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness
Prospective Memory
The ability to remember to perform an action at a future point in time, like remembering to buy groceries on the way home.
Context - Dependent Memory
If you studied for a test in a specific classroom, you might remember the material better when taking the test in the same room, as the environment serves as a cue.
State- Dependent Memory
This memory effect occurs when information is more easily recalled if you’re in the same physical or emotional state as when you learned it.
Mood- Congruent Memory
When feeling happy, you’re more likely to recall positive memories, like vacations or celebrations. and other way around with negative emotions
Working Memory
Doing mental math for a type at a restaurant after found memory is forgotten
Chunking
When trying to remember a long number, like 1234567890, you might chunk it into groups: 123-456-7890,
Mnemonic Devices
“Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally” They often involve rhymes, acronyms, or visual imagery.
Method of Loci
To remember a shopping list, you could imagine each item placed in different rooms of your house. Mentally “walking” through your home later helps you recall each item by location.
Long Term Potentiation
Practicing a skill repeatedly, like playing the piano, making it easier to recall and perform over time.
Structural Processing
focuses on the physical appearance or structure of information rather than its meaning.
Phonemic Processing
Repeating a word out loud or noticing that “cat” and “hat” rhyme focuses on the sound aspect of words rather than their meaning.
Semantic Processing
When studying vocabulary, thinking about the meaning of each word and how it can be used in a sentence enhances understanding
Automatic Processing
Stereotyping popping into the mind after seeing an member of a stereotyped group
Effortful Processing
Necessities our conscious effort and attention to commit to memory
Iconic Memory
Brefitly holding visual information
ex. lighting bolt appears in the mind for only a few short seconds
Echoic Memory
Quickly storing auditory information
