Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The capacity to retain and retrieve information

Question 2

Recall

Answer 2

Ability to retrieve information which has been learned earlier

Question 3

Recognition

Answer 3

Ability to identify previously encountered information

Question 4

Relearning

Answer 4

Effort is saved in having learned something before

Question 5

Information Processing Model

Answer 5

Memory and mind are like a computer

Question 6

Encoding

Answer 6

Process of transforming the info received through the senses into memory

Question 7

Levels of Processing

Answer 7

Different levels of processing that impact encoding

Question 8

Shallow Processing

Answer 8

Structural encoding - emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus

Question 9

Intermediate processing

Answer 9

Phonemic encoding - emphasizes what a word sounds like

Question 10

Deep processing

Answer 10

Semantic encoding - emphasizes the meaning of verbal input

Question 11

Sensory Memory

Answer 11

• Retains for 1-2 seconds
• Decides if stuff is worth processing
• Iconic: fast-decay of visual info
• Echoic: fast-decay of auditory info

Question 12

Short Term Memory

Answer 12

• Holds limited amounts of info
• Working memory
• Retains info for 15-20 secs
• Pattern recognition: compares to info already in long term memory, goes to long term or decays or is lost

Question 13

Long Term Memory

Answer 13

• Longer storage for minutes to decades
• Storage depends on synaptic connections
• Organized by schemas and semantic networks

Question 14

Explicit (Declarative) memory

Answer 14

Act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past-experiences (Knowing “that”)

Question 15

Episodic (Explicit) Memory

Answer 15

Experienced events, personal recollections that allows us to both recollect the past & imagine the future

Question 16

Semantic (explicit) memory

Answer 16

Facts, rules, concepts, general knowledge

Question 17

Implicit Memory

Answer 17

Unconscious influence of past experiences on later behavior & performance

Question 18

Procedural (Implicit) Memory

Answer 18

Acquiring skills due to practice; knowing “how” to do things

Question 19

Priming (Implicit) Memory

Answer 19

Increases identification of objects/words based on recent exposure to other stimuli

Question 20

Serial Position Effect

Answer 20

More likely to remember first and last few and not the middle

Question 21

Primacy Effect

Answer 21

Memory of beginning pieces of list

Question 22

Recency Effect

Answer 22

Memory of end pieces of the list

Question 23

Frequency

Answer 23

Numerous mentions increases memory

Question 24

Distinctiveness

Answer 24

Increases likelihood

Question 25

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 25

Retain in short-term memory (repeat phone #)

Question 26

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 26

Know it, review, practice, give meaning

Question 27

Visual Imagery

Answer 27

Create visual images to represent words/concepts

Question 28

Method of Loci

Answer 28

Match up existing visual images with concepts

Question 29

Mnemonics

Answer 29

Systematic strategies for remembering information; memory tricks or useful tools to aid memory (ex. ROY G BIV)

Question 30

Dual-Coding Theory

Answer 30

Memory is enhanced by using both semantic and visual codes sine either can lead to recall

Question 31

Chase & Simon research with chess players

Answer 31

Expert knowledge helps memory of relevant information

Question 32

Flashbulb memories

Answer 32

Dramatic positive or negative memory; more likely to remember significant memories (positive or negative)

Question 33

Suggestibility

Answer 33

Rise of implanted memories of small details or entire episodes - Tend to fill in missing information - Words impact memories - Responsible for false memories

Question 34

Reality Monitoring

Answer 34

Deciding whether memories are based on external or internal sources

Question 35

Source memory (monitoring)

Answer 35

Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

Question 36

Memory misattribution (source monitoring error)

Answer 36

Assigning a memory to the wrong source

Question 37

Retroactive Interference

Answer 37

New information interferes with old

Question 38

Proactive interference

Answer 38

Old information interferes with new

Question 39

Motivated forgetting

Answer 39

Painful memories blocked from consciousness (Freud - psychoanalytical perspective)

Question 40

Retrieval cues

Answer 40

External information helps memory

Question 41

Encoding specificity

Answer 41

A cue can help as a reminder when it recreates the specific way the information/memory was encoded

Question 42

Amnesia

Answer 42

Memory deficit

Question 43

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 43

Can’t recall events before amnesia

Question 44

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 44

Can’t learn after amnesia

Question 45

Persistence

Answer 45

Emotional arousal leads to enhanced memory

Question 46

Blocking

Answer 46

Stored info. temporarily unavailable

Question 47

Absentmindedness

Answer 47

Failures of attention, poor encoding, forget to do things in future (automatic behaviors)

Question 48

Transience

Answer 48

Rapid decline in memory, gradual forgetting, detail (general decay + interference)

Question 49

Chunking

Answer 49

Combines info into single, meaningful item

Question 50

Hippocampus

Answer 50

Puts info in long-term memory (NOT site of long-term storage)

Question 51

Consolidation

Answer 51

Act of recalling, thinking, & talking about a memory

Question 52

Working memory

Answer 52

Maintenance of info in short-term storage

Question 53

Organizational encoding

Answer 53

Finding relationships between items to make them easier to retrieve