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PSYCH 111 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

The capacity to retain and retrieve information

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2
Q

Recall

A

Ability to retrieve information which has been learned earlier

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3
Q

Recognition

A

Ability to identify previously encountered information

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4
Q

Relearning

A

Effort is saved in having learned something before

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5
Q

Information Processing Model

A

Memory and mind are like a computer

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6
Q

Encoding

A

Process of transforming the info received through the senses into memory

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7
Q

Levels of Processing

A

Different levels of processing that impact encoding

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8
Q

Shallow Processing

A

Structural encoding - emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus

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9
Q

Intermediate processing

A

Phonemic encoding - emphasizes what a word sounds like

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10
Q

Deep processing

A

Semantic encoding - emphasizes the meaning of verbal input

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11
Q

Sensory Memory

A
  • Retains for 1-2 seconds
  • Decides if stuff is worth processing
  • Iconic: fast-decay of visual info
  • Echoic: fast-decay of auditory info
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12
Q

Short Term Memory

A
  • Holds limited amounts of info
  • Working memory
  • Retains info for 15-20 secs
  • Pattern recognition: compares to info already in long term memory, goes to long term or decays or is lost
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13
Q

Long Term Memory

A
  • Longer storage for minutes to decades
  • Storage depends on synaptic connections
  • Organized by schemas and semantic networks
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14
Q

Explicit (Declarative) memory

A

Act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past-experiences (Knowing “that”)

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15
Q

Episodic (Explicit) Memory

A

Experienced events, personal recollections that allows us to both recollect the past & imagine the future

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16
Q

Semantic (explicit) memory

A

Facts, rules, concepts, general knowledge

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17
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Unconscious influence of past experiences on later behavior & performance

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18
Q

Procedural (Implicit) Memory

A

Acquiring skills due to practice; knowing “how” to do things

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19
Q

Priming (Implicit) Memory

A

Increases identification of objects/words based on recent exposure to other stimuli

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20
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

More likely to remember first and last few and not the middle

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21
Q

Primacy Effect

A

Memory of beginning pieces of list

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22
Q

Recency Effect

A

Memory of end pieces of the list

23
Q

Frequency

A

Numerous mentions increases memory

24
Q

Distinctiveness

A

Increases likelihood

25
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Retain in short-term memory (repeat phone #)

26
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Know it, review, practice, give meaning

27
Q

Visual Imagery

A

Create visual images to represent words/concepts

28
Q

Method of Loci

A

Match up existing visual images with concepts

29
Q

Mnemonics

A

Systematic strategies for remembering information; memory tricks or useful tools to aid memory (ex. ROY G BIV)

30
Q

Dual-Coding Theory

A

Memory is enhanced by using both semantic and visual codes sine either can lead to recall

31
Q

Chase & Simon research with chess players

A

Expert knowledge helps memory of relevant information

32
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Dramatic positive or negative memory; more likely to remember significant memories (positive or negative)

33
Q

Suggestibility

A

Rise of implanted memories of small details or entire episodes
- Tend to fill in missing information
- Words impact memories
- Responsible for false memories

34
Q

Reality Monitoring

A

Deciding whether memories are based on external or internal sources

35
Q

Source memory (monitoring)

A

Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired

36
Q

Memory misattribution (source monitoring error)

A

Assigning a memory to the wrong source

37
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

New information interferes with old

38
Q

Proactive interference

A

Old information interferes with new

39
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

Painful memories blocked from consciousness (Freud - psychoanalytical perspective)

40
Q

Retrieval cues

A

External information helps memory

41
Q

Encoding specificity

A

A cue can help as a reminder when it recreates the specific way the information/memory was encoded

42
Q

Amnesia

A

Memory deficit

43
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Can’t recall events before amnesia

44
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Can’t learn after amnesia

45
Q

Persistence

A

Emotional arousal leads to enhanced memory

46
Q

Blocking

A

Stored info. temporarily unavailable

47
Q

Absentmindedness

A

Failures of attention, poor encoding, forget to do things in future (automatic behaviors)

48
Q

Transience

A

Rapid decline in memory, gradual forgetting, detail (general decay + interference)

49
Q

Chunking

A

Combines info into single, meaningful item

50
Q

Hippocampus

A

Puts info in long-term memory (NOT site of long-term storage)

51
Q

Consolidation

A

Act of recalling, thinking, & talking about a memory

52
Q

Working memory

A

Maintenance of info in short-term storage

53
Q

Organizational encoding

A

Finding relationships between items to make them easier to retrieve

PSYCH 111 (2 decks)

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