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PSYCH EXAM 3/4 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Acquisition

A

The process of taking on a new behaviour, demonstrated by a consistent increase in responsiveness as a result of learning.

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2
Q

Acronym

A

A method of chunking information for retention by creating a pronounceable word using the first letters of each word in a tittle or procedure.

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3
Q

Acrostic

A

A mnemonic device where the first letter in every word represents the first letter of the word you want to remember

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4
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

A progressive and fatal neurodegenerative brain disease in which amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles disrupt neural functions. Causing cell death and atrophy of the brain.

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5
Q

Amygdala

A

An almond-shaped brain structure located within each temporal lobe in front of the hippocampus. Associates emotional information with explicit memories.

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6
Q

Antecedent

A

An event or stimulus that precedes a particular behaviour/response, indicating the likely consequence for the response and therefore influencing whether the response will re-occur.

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7
Q

Aphantasia

A

A condition in which people suffer reduced or absent voluntary mental imagery.

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8
Q

Association

A

The process of forming a connection between two or more stimuli, which can be developed through learning/conditioning.

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9
Q

Attention

A

The active concentration of mental activity that involves narrowing the focus of awareness onto specific stimulus of interest or relevance whilst ignoring other stimulus. Within the formation of memory, this process determines which information will be processed further within short-term memory. In observational memory a learner must be able to watch a model closely to be able to remember their behaviour.

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10
Q

Aversion therapy

A

A form of behaviour therapy applying classical conditioning principles, whereby an individual learns to associate an undesirable behaviour pattern with an unpleasant response.

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11
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A

A form of operant conditioning that occurs when an individual responds according to negative reinforcement in order to learn, evade or prevent an unpleasant event.

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12
Q

Basal ganglia

A

A group of brain structures located at the base of the forebrain and in the midbrain that play important roles in controlling voluntary movement.

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13
Q

Behaviour

A

The responses of an individual to externally or internally generated stimuli, both voluntary and involuentary.

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14
Q

Cerebellum

A

The structure within the hindbrain, associated with balance, movement, formation, storage and retrieval of implicit memory. +Fine motor skills.

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15
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Layers of grey matter that cover the outside of the cerebral hem spheres. Associated with higher cognitive functions, thought, perception, language, sensory-motor processing.

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16
Q

Chunking

A

An encoding mechanism that increases the capacity of short term memory by grouping multiple bits of information into smaller numbers.

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17
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which an unconditioned stimulus that naturally evokes an unconditioned response is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus. After conditioning the once neutral stimulus alone will elicit the conditioned response that it formally did not produce.

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18
Q

Conditioned emotional response

A

A reaction that occurs when the autonomic nervous system responds to an emotionally provocative stimulus that did not previously elicit that response.

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19
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

A reflex response to a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus that would usually cause it.

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20
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A previously neutral stimulus that acquires the ability to cause a reflex response through its association with an unconditioned stimulus.

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21
Q

Conditioning

A

A term used to describe the process of learning when behaviours, events and stimuli become associated with each other.

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22
Q

Consequence

A

In the 3 phase mode of operant conditioning, the feedback a learner receives from the environment as an outcome of voluntary behaviour, can be reinforcing or punishing.

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23
Q

Contiguity

A

Occurs in conditioning and refers to the association of two seemingly unrelated events when they occur close together in time and space.

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24
Q

Country

A

An Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander concept of place as a system of interrelated living entities, including the learner, their family, communication with land sea and sky, climate, animals and plants.

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25
Declarative memory
A subtype of long-term memory concerned with specific facts or events that can be brought to mind consciously. Further divided into 2 categories : 1, semantic and episodic memory.
26
Discriminative stimulus
The stimulus that precedes a particular response, indicating the likely consequence for the response and therefore whether the response will occur,
27
Echoic memory
(Auditory memory) A term used to describe sound sensory memory traces. Duration = 3-4s, very large capacity.
28
Elaborative rehearsal
The association of new information with information that has already been stored in long-term memory.
29
Encoding
The processing of information in short term memory o transfer it to long term memory.
30
Episodic memory
The component of explicit memory used for storing and retrieving memories of personally experienced events and for imagining ourselves experiencing future events. Mental time travel.
31
Explicit memory
The kind of long term memory we use when consciously remembering information about facts or events.
32
Extinction
The process of extinguishing (unlearning) a conditioned fear response through repeated presentation of the stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
33
Graduated exposure
A therapeutic process whereby an individua is gradually taken, step by step through a series of tasks to extinguish the conditioned response. (Systematic desensitisation)
34
Hippocampus
A seahorse-shaped brain structure within the temporal lobes of the brain associated with memory formation, encoding, declarative information and transferring it from short-term to long term.
35
Iconic memory
(Visual) A term used to describe the visual sensory memory system that registers visual information and hods it for approximately half a second.
36
Implicit memory
The kind of long term memory that is demonstrated through changes in behaviour and adaptive responses as a result of repetition or practice. Without conscious recollection of how to to it/recalling it.
37
Learning
The biological, cognitive and social process through which an individual makes meaning from their experiences, resulting in long-lasting changes in their behaviour, skills and knowledge.
38
Long term memory
The set of memory storage systems that enable us to store and retrieve knowledge and skills acquired over a lifetime with apparently unlimited capacity.
39
Maintenance reheral
A short-term memory retention and encoding strategy that involves mentally repeating the names of items, ready for recall.
40
Memory
An active information-processing system that receives, organises, stores and recovers information.
41
Method of Loci
A mnemonic technique in which the items to be remembered are associated within specific locations on a familiar route or within a building, landscape or even the sky.
42
Mnemonic
Any device or technique used to assist encoding, storage and retrieval of memories. By creating an association between the information and existing knowledge.
43
Modelling
An alternative term for observational learning, highlighting that the observer learns a new behaviour or modifies an existing one as a result of watching another person (model) and copying their actions.
44
Motivation
In observational learning, the cognitive process that influences whether the learner decides to reproduce an observed behaviour based on their understanding of the consequences.
45
Negative punishment
The removal of a rewarding stimulus as a consequence of undesirable behaviour to decreased the likelihood of it reoccurring.
46
Multimodal
A process that combines several different elements or approaches such as multiple senses, kinaesthetic movement or art.
47
Negative reinforcement
The removal of an negative stimulus as a consequence of desirable behaviour to increase the likelihood of it reoccuring.
48
Neutral stimulus
A stimulus that does not naturally cause a reflex response
49
Observational learning
A form of social learning in which the learner attends to behaviours of another person, encodes the behaviours, is motivated to reproduce them, is physically able to reproduce them and in rewarded.
50
Operant conditioning
A learning process in which the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated is determined by the consequences shown.
51
Positive punishment
The addition of an undesirable stimulus when an undesirable behaviour is given, to decrease the likelihood of it re occurring
52
Positive reinforcement
The addition of positive stimulus as a consequence for a desirable behaviour, increasing the likelihood of it re occurring.
53
Prefrontal cortex
The most frontal region of the neocortex, involved in controlling attention and monitoring behaviour.
54
Procedural memory
The kind of implicit memory involved in learning and executing motor and cognitive skills that enable a person to carry out a course of action
55
Punishment
A consequence of behaviour that weakens the likelihood of the behaviour being reproduced.
56
Rehearsal
The process of actively manipulating information in order to maintain it in short-term and aid its transfer to long term.
57
Reinforcement
A consequence of behaviour that strengthens the likelihood of the behaviour being reproduced.
58
Reinforcer
A rewarding stimulus that can be added or taken away as a consequence of behaviour, producing positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.
59
Reproduction
In observational learning, the cognitive process used to re-enact an observed behaviour or to rehearse it mentally.
60
Response
A behaviour produced by an individual as an outcome of stimulus processing,
61
Retention
In observable learning, the cognitive process used to encode and store knowledge of observed behaviour.
62
Retrieval
The process of bringing to mind knowledge of events or facts stored in explicit memory, or of initiating and executing an implicit procedural memory.
63
Semantic memory
The component of explicit long term memory that we use to encode, store and retrieve factual and conceptual knowledge. + To recognise faces/places. General knowledge.
64
Sensory memory
A temporary memory stores with large capacity that enable sensory information to persist for a very brief duration so that goal-related information can be attended and encoded into short-term memory. Iconic and echoic
65
Short-term memory
A temporary memory store that represents information that is of current focus/attention, limited capacity (7 +/- 2 items) and a duration of several seconds.
66
Social learning theory
An alternative term for observational learning that acknowledges the social-cognitive processes and the social context in which they occur.
67
Song lines
The sung narratives encoded in physical routes across Country and in constellations in the night sky that convey ancestral knowledge of Country.
68
Stimulus
Any internal/external event that produces a response in an individual.
69
Stimulus discrimination
The ability to perceive the difference between two or more stimuli, even if they are similar in nature. In classical conditioning, this occurs when an organism only exhibits the CR to the exact specific CS, and not to other stimuli. In operant conditioning, this occurs when an organism only makes the correct response for the exact stimulus.
70
Stimulus generalisation
The likelihood that stimuli which is similar in nature will elicit the same response. In classical conditioning, this occurs when a stimulus resembling the CS produces the same CR. In operant conditioning, this occurs when the organism makes the correct response to a stimulus which is similar to that for which reinforcement is obtained.
71
Storage
The retention of information in memory over time
72
Storage capacity
How much information can be stored within memory. The amount of data that can be he varies between the different kevels of memory.
73
Storage duration
How long information can be stored in memory. The length of time that data can be held varies between memory stores.
74
Systematic desensitisation.
A behavioural therapy technique used in the treatment of disorders involving fear, anxiety, whereby an individual is gradually subjected step by step to increasingly similar stimuli to the CS itself. To eventually extinguish the CR.
75
Unconditioned response
An involuntary reflex response to a biologically significant stimulus.
76
Unconditioned stimulus
A biologically significant stimulus, such as food or a sudden loud sound that causes a reflex reaction.
77
Vicarious classical conditioning
Classical conditioning that occurs when an individua observes another's reaction to a specific stimulus
78
Vicarious Operant conditioning
When a person learns by observing another individual being reinforced or punished for their behaviour. As a consequence, the observer will imitate this behaviour, or refrain from performing this behaviour.
79
Vicarious punishment
Occurs when the likelihood of an observer performing a specific behaviour decreases after observing another being punished for such behaviour.
80
Vicarious reinforcement
Occurs when the likelihood of an observer performing a specific behaviour increases after observing another being rewarded for such behaviour.
81

PSYCH EXAM 3/4 (4 decks)

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