Memory Flashcards
What is meant by sensory memory?
This in the sensory information, Which is only stored for 5ooths of a second and has a limited capacity
How is sensory memory stored into the STM? in the MSM model.
Through encoding which occurs when we pay attention if not trace decay occurs
Iconic - is the visual input
Echoic - auditory input
what is encoding?
The way information is entered into the represented in the memory store. by sound, meaning or image
What is capacity?
The amount of memory that can be held in a memory store at any one time
What is duration
The length of time that memories can be held
Describe SHORT TERM MEMORY
Long term and sensory memory
SENSORY:
Duration is for 1/500th of a second
Capacity: 9-10 items
Encoding : iconic/echoic/tactile input
STM:
duration : 18-30 seconds
Capacity: 7/+2 items
If rehearsed is moved into the LTM
LTM
Duration could be 2 minutes could be a life time
Encoded usually semantically - relates to barracks high school study
capacity is unlimited
The method of Bahricks high school photograph study (1975)
Bahrick tracked down gradutates over a 50 year period
392 graduates were tested
half where in the recall group to name people in there year book without a list of names
the other were in the recognition group asked to match the name to the persons photo with a list of names
What did Bahricks study conclude?
The long term memory can last a lifetime is there is a cue to prompt the memory
What did Miller develop to find upon the short term memory’s capacity?
The digit span technique and immediate serial recall found that people’s STM can only hold 7+/- 2 items
Participants listened to an 11 digit number string and immediately had to recall what they heard in the correct order
Digit span was the amount of numbers they could correctly remeber.
what did miller’s study conclude on our STMS capacity?
Our STMs can record chunks of information rather then individually
what did peterson and peterson’s study of the STM investigate?
How long the duration of the STM is when rehearsal is prevented
The method of Peterson and Peterson’s study
Participants would be flashed a consonant trigram (3 consonant letters) and would have to count back in 3s from a number to prevent rehearsal and then after 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds later would have to recall it
After 18 seconds only 10% could recall there trigrams,. Thus STM duration isnt longer then 18 seconds
what are the 3 types of LTM? Found by Tulving
Procedural - our knowledge of how to do things (associated with the cerebellum and frontal cortex)
Episodic memories- memories of specific life events and have been time stamped in our lives ( associated with the hippocampus and temporal lobe)
Semantic memory- our general knowledge of the world ( associated with the anterior temporal lobe)
How does Clive wearing suggest there are multiple stores to the LTM? (MSM evaluation AND types of LTM evidence)
has badly damaged episodic memory as cannot remember anything specific to himself but can remember how to play piano so has intact procedural memory
This provides the contribution that His STM and LTM are separate stores like in the MSM providing validity for the model)
what is the primacy and recency effect?(MSM Evaluation support)
Proved the STM and LTM as separate stores
Beginning information presented would have been transferred to the LTM so can easily be recalled (primacy effect)
Information called out last would still remain in the STM so can be recalled ( recency effect) shown by the dip in the middle position where info has decayed
what are flashbulb memories?
They are stored instantly and do not require rehearsal. However in the MSM storage in the LTM can only occur in rehearsal. memories with emotional significance can be remembered without rehearsal.
Who created the MSM theory?
Atkinsons and Shiffrins
Describe the central executive
It is to receive information from the visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop and the long term memory to create and form decisions or actions
It has a very limited capacity and also is modality free
Describe the phonological loop
Holds sounds that and rehearse words currently being considered
It has two stores
the phonological store to hold acoustically encoded items briefly
and the articulatory system which allows repetition
Describe the visuo-spatial scratch pad
This stores visual information
with a capacity of 3-4 objects
Has two parts
the visual cache- stores information about shape and form
inner scribe - stores information about somethings position
Describe the episodic buffer
This links the executive central and the LTM and links the the LTM to wider processes when the visual and acoustically encoded information combine
What is proactive interference?
when past learning interferes with learning something new
what is retroactive interference?
when current learning interferes with recalling something old
what was the case of HM?
A patient who had his hippocampus removed
unable to form new LTMS but had functioning STMS
What was the findings and conclusions of postmans investigations on retroactive interference ?
The group who were only asked to recall one group of words (control group) were more accurate then the experimental group
This suggests that learning items in the second list interfered with participant ability to recall the list
What did chandler (1989) state
That students who study similar subjects at the same time often experience interference
what were the findings of underwoods (1957) explanation on proactive interference
When the group who learnt a list of nonsense syllables and numbers had a lower rate of forgetting then those who had learnt multiple nonsense lists of syllables
The findings of John McGeohand and william Mcdonald study on proactive interference
Compared to the control group, those who remembered the least had the synonym group as the second list (most similar)
what is a retrieval cue?
A stimuli that can help you retrieve a certain memory such as the setting or mood
What is the encoding specificity principle?
The idea that when a cue is present during the encoding of information and when it needs to be retrieved
The closer the cue to the target word the better the overall recall
The findings of Tulving and Pearl stone
Participants would be presented with 48 words that belonged to 12 categories
When a cue was present the recall was 60%
when cue was not present the recall was 40%
What is context dependent forgetting?
When retrieval failure cues due to the context of the place or the action being described
what were the findings for Godden and Baddeley
Deep sea divers had a list of 40 words to remeber
some remembered them on land and some remembered them under water
When in the same place deep sea divers could recall more
Context is acting as the cue
What were the limitations of GOoden and Baddelys experiment
The extreme difference between on land and under water , is rare in real life
so context probably plays a minimal role in aiding recall
what is state dependent forgetting?
When our state of mind during encoding can also act a cue
what evidence did Carter and Cassidy provide for state dependent forgetting?
Carter and cassidy gave anti-histamines which gave a seditiative effect to the control group followed by a recall task
Found the best recalled words were when they were in the same state as they encoded them in
Limitations of the encoding specificity principle
The principle does not explain how some people can remeber without a cue despite either for context or state dependent forgetting
What is a schema
In psychology, a schema is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. Simply put, a schema describes patterns of thinking and behavior that people use to interpret the world.
what are the evaluation studies for the evidence of the MSM?
For sensory memory - Sperlings flashing row study
For STM- Millers digit row (capacity) Petersons and Petersons trigram study (Duration)
For LTM- Bahrick high school study (duration) Baddeley’s semantically encoded letters (encoding)
Aim, Method and results of Baddeley’s semantically encoded letters study
Aim: To investigate whether LTM encoding is acoustic or semantic
Method: Used 4 lists (Independent group design) Of acoustically similar or dissimilar groups /semantically similar/dissimilar and then asked to recall from what they had remembered
Results:55% of semantic groups where remembered compared to 85% of dissimilar semantic groups
suggests that LTM encoding is semantic
