Memory Flashcards

Question

Working Memory Model

Answer 1

How STM is organised and functions

Answer 2

Allocates tasks to slave systems, limited storage capacity

Answer 3

Auditory info -phonological store : stores words you hear -articulatory process : allows maintenance rehearsal : cap 2secinds of what you hear Preserves the order info arrives

Answer 4

Visual and spatial info Visual cache : stores visual data Inner scribe : records the arrangement of objects Cap of 3 or four objects

Answer 5

Temporary store of info Maintains a sense of time sequencing Limited cap of about 4 chunks Added by Baddeley in 2000

Answer 6

-KF brain damage, process visual info normally, but not hearing : Phono loop damaged. Separat stores -Dual task performance, Baddeley showed more difficult to do two visual tasks. Compete for same slabs system . Different slave systems -Central Executive, not fully explained, lacks evidence on its function. Baddeley said it is the most importantly yet least understood component of

Answer 7

Two pieces of info conflict with each other Mainly expl of LTM - interference makes it harder to locate memories

Answer 8

Old memories interfer with new ones

Answer 9

New memories interfere with old ones

Answer 10

McGeoch and McDonald Interference is worse when the memories are similar -participants learnt a list of words, then another list The group with synonyms performed the worse in recall

Answer 11

-lab studies McGeoch and McDonald, valid controlled no confounding variables -artificial matierials - lists of words can’t be applied to real life not meaningful -real life studies Baddeley and Hitch Rugby players to recall teams they had played, most players had missed games. Accurate recall does not depend on passage of time but how many games they had played

Answer 12

Insufficient cues Not able to access memories that are there

Answer 13

Tulving Cues that help recall info must be present at the time of encoding and the time of retrieval

Answer 14

Godden and Baddeley Divers learnt a lost of words either underwater or on land and then asked to recall them either on water or on land Accurate recall was 40% lower in the non matching conditions External cues at learning were different to the cues at recall

Answer 15

Carter and Cassidy Anti histamine drugs to participants - slightly drowsy, creating an internal physiological state diff from normal Participant then had to learn a list of words and recall them Performance was significantly worse when the states did not match

Answer 16

-Supporting evidence, godden and Baddeley, carter and Cassidy -context effects : contexts have to be significantly different to see an effect, can’t apply to real life -ESP can’t be tested, circular reasoning,no way to establish if a cue has been encoded or not -Real life applications : cognitive int, getting Eye witnesses to recall more information by going back

Answer 17

Leading Questions Post event discussion

Answer 18

Loftus and Palmer Participants watched a video of a car accident and were asked questions about it How fast were the cars going when they *hit* each other? Hit was swapped out with contacted, bumped, collided and smashed The mean estimated speed the car was going was 10mph faster than the control group

Answer 19

Response Bias Explanation The wording has nothing to do with how they remember it, influences the way they decide to reply Substitution explaination The wording of the question changes the memory. Loftus and Palmer - participants who heard smashed more likely to report seeing smashed glass

Answer 20

Co-witnesses discuss their EWT May become contaminated because they combine (mis)information from other witnesses to their own memories

Answer 21

Gabbert Studied participants in pairs Watched the same video but filmed from different angles They discussed after Majority of participants recalled aspects that they did not see in the video. The control group was 0%

Answer 22

Social approval They belief the others are right

Answer 23

-Real life apps, consequences of EWT can be serious, investigators have to be careful when phrasing their questions -Tasks are artificial, watching clips of accidents different from actually seeing them, emotions can have an affect -individual differences, older people are less accurate. Research often uses younger people in their studies -demand characteristics, want to seem more helpful to the researcher, guess answers to questions they don’t knwo

Answer 24

Anxiety creates physiological stress in the body which prevents paying attention to important cues, so recall is worse

Answer 25

Johnson and Scott Led participants to believe they were in a lab study Heard an argument next to the waiting room Low anxiety man walks out with grease and a pencil High anxiety breaking glass sound and walks out with bloody knife Participants later picked the man out of 50 49% of low anxiety accurate 33% of Hugh anxiety accurate

Answer 26

A witnesses attention narrows to focus on the weapon because it’s the source of anxiety

Answer 27

Increases alertness and improves memory for the event because we become more aware of cues in the situation

Answer 28

Yuille and Cutshall Real life shooting in Vancouver shop owner shot a thief dead 21 witnesses, 13 agreed to take part 4-5 months after These interviews were compared with the original Stress was measured by a 7 point scale Witnesses were very accurate after 5 months, the participants that were more stressed were most accurate

Answer 29

Inverted U Lower levels of anxiety produce low levels of recall accuracy Memory become more accurate as anxiety increases Optimal level of anxiety, maximum accuracy More stress than this, accuracy declines drastically

Answer 30

-weapon focus may not be relevant, Johnson and Scott tested surprise rather than anxiety, Pickel, scissors hand gun raw chicken hairdressing video. Accuracy poorer on chicken. Usualness not anxiety -Field studies lack control, post event discussion. Extraneous variables may be responsible for accuracy yuille and cutshall -Ethical issues, creating anxiety in participants, psychological harm. Questions need for research.

Answer 31

Fisher and Geiselman EWT could be improved if police used better techniques Based on psychological insights

Answer 32

1. Report everything 2. Reinstate context 3. Reverse the order 4. Change the perspective

Answer 33

Include every single detail even if not relevant, to trigger other important memories

Answer 34

Return to original crime scene in their mind, environment and emotions. Related to context does date forgetting

Answer 35

Events should be recalled in a different chronological order, to prevent people recalling their expectations of how the event happened, and prevents dishonesty

Answer 36

Recall from other peoples perspectives, disrupts the effect of expectations and schema on recal. Schemas generate expectations of what should have happened in that situation

Answer 37

Fisher et al. Additional elements to CI to focus on social dynamics of the interaction Interviewer needs to know when to make eye contact and when to relinquish it Reducing EWT anxiety, minimising distractions, open ended questions

Answer 38

-Time consuming, more time than a standard police interview. Requires special training for interviewer. Unlikely that the proper version is used -support for effectiveness, meta analysis by Kohnken et al. found the CI provided more correct info than the standard interview, real practical benefits, benefits society