Memory Flashcards
Transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained in the memory system
Encoding
Retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time
Storage
Recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it
Retrieval
Its function is to process for basic physical characteristics
Sensory memory
What is the capacity of sensory memory?
Large – can hold many items at once
What are the two types of sensory memory?
Iconic memory – visual information
Echoic memory – auditory information
What is needed to transfer information to working memory
Attention
A brief memory of an image or icon. Also called iconic memory.
Visual sensory memory
Brief memory of a sound or echo. Also called echoic memory.
Auditory sensory memory
TRUE OR FALSE
Auditory sensory memories MAY NOT LAST A BIT LONGER than visual sensory memories
False - Auditory sensory memory MAY last a bit longer than visual sensory memory
Its function is to focus on conscious processing of information
Short+term memory
What is the capacity of short-term memory?
Limited - 7+/-2 items
TRUE OR FALSE
Verbal or mental repetition of information allows info to remain in working memory longer than the usual
TRUE
It is the grouping of small bits of information into larger units of information
Chunking
Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into ____
Long term memory
It organizes and stores information with unlimited capacity
Long Term memory
The unconscious encoding of information
Automatic processing
Requires attention and conscious effort
Effortful processing
Memory with awareness, also called as declarative memory
Explicit memory
Memory without awareness, also called nondeclarative memory
Implicit memory
Information about events or episodes
Episodic information
Information about fact, general knowledge
Semantic information
Memory that enables you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses
Procedural memory
Organizing items into related groups during recall from long term memory
Clustering
The process of accessing stored info
Retrieval
Test of LTM that involves retrieving memories w/out cues, also termed free recall
Recall
Involves remembering an item to a retrieval cue
Cued recall
Involves identifying correct info from a series of possible choices
Recognition
Tendency to remember items at the beginning and end
Serial position effect
Environmental cues to recall
Context effects
Physical, internal factors
State dependent retrieval
Factors related to mood or emotions
Mood congruence
Recall of very specific images or details about vivid, rare, significant event
Flashbulb memories
Caused by one memory competing with or replacing another memory
Interference
When a memory interferes remembering old information
Retroactive interference
When an old memory interferes with remembering new information
Proactive interference
Undesired memory is held back from awareness
Motivated forgetting
Fades or decay gradually if unused
Decay theories
Severe memory lost
Amnesia
Inability to remember past episodic information
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories
Anterograde amnesia
