Memory

Question 1

how is STM coded and what is its capacity?

Answer 1

1.) acoustic

2.) limited

Question 2

how is LTM coded and what is its capacity?

Answer 2

1.) semantic

2.) potentially unlimited

Question 3

what is STM’s duration

Answer 3

18-30 seconds.

Question 4

what is LTM’s duration?

Answer 4

lifetime.

Question 5

what did Peterson and Peterson (1959) aim to do?

Answer 5

investigate duration of STM by giving students a consonant syllable to remember. They also had to count backwards to prevent rehearsing.

Question 6

what are the 4 components of the working memory model?

Answer 6

central executive
visuospatial sketchpad
episodic buffer
phonological loop

Question 7

what does the phonological loop do?

Answer 7

-slave system
-coding = acoustic
-preserves auditory info in the order it arrives in
divides into:
-phonological store = stores what you hear
-Articulatory store = maintenance rehearsal to keep sounds/words in the working memory

Question 8

what does the central executive do?

Answer 8

• attention process which monitors incoming info
• makes decisions
• allocated slave systems to tasks
• limited capacity

Question 9

what does the visuo-spatial sketch pad do?

Answer 9

-slave system
- stores visuo-spatial info
divided into:
1.) visual cache - stores visual data
2.) inner scribe - records arrangement of objects in visual field
- limited capacity= 3 or 4 items (Baddeley (2003)).

Question 10

what does the episodic buffer do?

Answer 10

• slave system
• temporary store of info
  interstates visio-spatial and verbal info processed by other stores
  -records episodes
  -capacity limited to 4 chunks
  -links working memory to LTM

Question 11

evaluate working memory model

Answer 11

support
-patient KF
phonological loop damaged but visuospatial sketch pad intact
-Baddeley et al (1975)
dual task performance studies

limitations
- Lieberman (1980)
Blind people have great spatial awareness
-Little direct evidence for how central executive works

Question 12

what did Goodwin (1969) prove?

Answer 12

people who drank a lot often forget when they have put things when they are sober. However they could recall the locations when they are drunk again.

Question 13

what did Miles and Hardman (1998) find?

Answer 13

people who learned a list of words while exercising on an exercise bike remembered them better when exercising rather than at rest.

Question 14

what are the 2 types of cue dependent forgetting?

Answer 14

1.) context - external environmental cues

2.) state - internal cues

Question 15

define interference

Answer 15

phenomenon where the recall or retrieval of info is disrupted by the presence of other info.

Question 16

define proactive interference

Answer 16

old info stored in LTM interferes with the learning of new info

Question 17

define retroactive interference

Answer 17

Learning of new info affects recall of old info from LTM

Question 18

what is cognitive interview?

Answer 18

technique for interviewing witnesses which encourages them to recreate the original context in order to increase the possibility of stored info

Question 19

what are the components of the multistore model of memory?

Answer 19

1.) sensory register
2.) short term memory store
3.) long term memory store

Question 20

describe sensory register?

Answer 20

• all stimulus from environment pass into sensory register
• coding in each store is modality-specific
  ICONIC = visual ECHOIC = sound
• DURATION is very brief (less than 1/2 a second)
• capacity is very high
  -info only passes to STM if paid attention to

Question 21

describe short term memory store (MSM)?

Answer 21

• coded acoustically
• lasts 18 seconds (unless rehearsed)
• limited capacity (5-9 items)
• maintenance rehearsal occurs when material is repeated
• info repeated enough passes into LTM

Question 22

describe long term memory store (MSM)?

Answer 22

• duration = permanent
• coded = semantically
• to recall info it has to be transferred back into STM (rehearsal)

Question 23

what are the limitations of MSM?

Answer 23

oversimplifies STM = patient KF had poor STM recall for auditory stimuli, but increasingly accurate recall for visual stimuli. This, alongside KF being able to differentiate and recall both verbal and non-verbal sounds, suggests that there may be multiple types of STM.

There are different types of LTM, as proposed by Tuvling et al e.g. procedural, semantic and episodic.

Question 24

what are the strengths of MSM?

Answer 24

The MSM acknowledges the differences between STM and LTM = represents them as separate stores. STM is encoded acoustically, LTM is encoded semantically and
has a much longer duration. MSM portrays an accurate view of the differences between them.

Question 25

what are the 3 types of LTM?

Answer 25

1.) episodic memory 2.) semantic memory 3.) procedural memory

Question 26

what is episodic memory?

Answer 26

recall eps of your life. A single ep will contain several elements e.g. people, places, objects etc. conscious recall required

Question 27

what is semantic memory?

Answer 27

fact based knowledge (not time stamped + less personal). conscious recall required.

Question 28

what is procedural memory?

Answer 28

muscle memory = memories of actions or skill. conscious recall ISNT required

Question 29

what are the types of LTM according to Cohen?

Answer 29

1,) declarative memory 2.) non-declarative memory

Question 30

what is declarative memory?

Answer 30

requires conscious recall (semantic + episodic)

Question 31

what is non-declarative memory?

Answer 31

requires no conscious recall (procedural)

Question 32

describe the case of Clive Wearing?

Answer 32

-suffered from a rare from amnesia (damaged hippocampus and associated areas) - before infection he was a musician and he can still play piano but cannot remember musical education - other aspects of memory also affected - greets wife like its first time he's seen her in years

Question 33

what are strengths of types of long term memory?

Answer 33

- supporting evidence from Clive Wearing - supporting evidence from case of HM

Question 34

why is the reason we forget because of insufficient cues (Tulving)?

Answer 34

- when a memory is encoded info also stored from around it (cues) e.g place. If we cannot remember its because we arent in a similar situation.

Question 35

what is the 'Encoding Specificity Principle' (Tulving)?

Answer 35

the greater the similarity between the encoding event and the retrieval event, the greater the likelihood of recalling the original memory

Question 36

what is retrieval failure (Tulving)?

Answer 36

some cues are linked to material in a meaningful way ton help remember it e.g. mnemonics

Question 37

what are the 2 types of cue dependent forgetting?

Answer 37

1.) context = external environmental cues 2.) state = internal cues

Question 38

what are limitations of retrieval failure?

Answer 38

lack ecological validity = Baddeley argued that it is difficult to find conditions in real-life which are as polar as water and land, for example, and thus questioned the existence of context effects in normal life other explanations = interference

Question 39

what are strengths of retrieval failure?

Answer 39

supporting evidences Baddeley divers real life application = cognitive interview

Question 40

what is an eyewitness testimony?

Answer 40

evidence provided in court by a person who witnessed a crime

Question 41

describe Loftus and Palmer (1974) experiment

Answer 41

- 45 students shown 7 films of traffic accidents - students given questionnaire - one question about how fast cares were going with a diff verb: hit bumped collided contacted smashed

Question 42

what were the results from the Loftus and Palmer (1974) experiment?

Answer 42

hit - 34mph bumped - 38.1mph collided - 39.3mph contacted - 31.8mph smashed - 40.8mph

Question 43

describe broken glass Loftus + Palmer experiment

Answer 43

- 150 students shown film of multi-vehicle accident and then asked questions - 3 groups of 50 1st group = "how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?" 2nd group - "how fast were they going when they smashed into each other?" 3rd group - asked nothing about speed - a week later they were all asked "did you see any broken glass?" there was none in the flim

Question 44

what were the results of the broken glass Loftus + Palmer experiment?

Answer 44

smashed yes - 16 no - 34 hit yes - 7 no - 43 control yes - 6 no - 44

Question 45

what does being anxious feel like?

Answer 45

- unpleasant emotional state - fear something bad is about to happen - increased heart rate shallow breathing (physiological arousal)

Question 46

what did Deffenbacher et al (2004) find?

Answer 46

meta-analysis found that high levels of stress impacted accuracy of eye witness testimony

Question 47

what did Christianson + Hubineette find?

Answer 47

found those who had been threatened were more accurate in recall compared to onlookers continued to be true 15 months later

Question 48

what is weapon-focus/tunnel effect?

Answer 48

witness focused on the weapon so doesn't see or remember what else was happening or how attacker looked

Question 49

how can contrasting finding in EWT and anxiety be explained?

Answer 49

relationship between anxiety and performance = inverted U there is an optimal level of anxiety needed for accurate recall

Question 50

what are the limitations of EWT?

Answer 50

- studies use may have demand characteristics - use of artificial tasks (Loftus + Palmer)

Question 51

what is cognitive interview?

Answer 51

police technique for interviewing witnesses which encourages them to recreate the original context in order to increase accessibility of stored info

Question 52

what are the 4 stages of cognitive interview?

Answer 52

1.) report everything 2.) reinstatement of context 3.) change/reverse order 4.) change perspective

Question 53

what are limitations of cognitive interview?

Answer 53

- diff police forces use diff aspects of the technique so its difficult to fully evaluate its effectiveness - technique takes too long - quantity + quality of training is an issue

Question 54

what are strengths of cognitive interview?

Answer 54

- increase in amount of correct info recalled than standard interview 1 reduces miscarriages of justice