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Psychology Paper 1 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is capacity?

A

the amount of information that can be held in a memory store

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2
Q

What is the capacity of the sensory register?

A

unlimited

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3
Q

What is the sensory register?

A

memory store for each of our 5 senses
- Iconic; see
- Echoic; hear
- Tactile; feel
- Gustatory; taste
- Olfactory; smell

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4
Q

What are the key researchers for the capacity of STM?

A

Jacobs (1887)
Miller

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5
Q

What was Jacobs research?

A

Digits span technique, reciting numbers or letters when the sequence increased by 1 each time

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6
Q

What was Jacobs findings?

A

found the mean span for digits was 9.3
found the mean span for letters was 7.3

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7
Q

What did Miller observe?

A

things that come in 7s, for example, days of the week, colour of the rainbow, music scales

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8
Q

What idea did Miller propose?

A

Chunking - when you group things together so you remember the chunks instead of the individual items

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9
Q

What is the capacity of STM?

A

7 (+2/-2) items

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10
Q

What is the capacity of LTM?

A

unlimited

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11
Q

What is duration?

A

the length of time information can be held in your memory

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12
Q

What is the duration of the sensory register?

A

250ms, if attention is not paid to information; less than 1/2 a second

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13
Q

Who are the key researchers in the duration of STM?

A

Peterson + Peterson (1959)

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14
Q

What was Peterson + Peterson’s research?

A

NONSENSE TRIGRAM, given a consonant syllable like LCG to remember and a 3 digit number that they had to count back from till were told to stop (eliminate mental rehearsal) then asked what the 3 letters were.

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15
Q

What was the findings of Peterson + Peterson’s study?

A

as retention intervals increases, the percentage of correct responses decrease

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16
Q

What is the duration of STM?

A

18-30sec

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17
Q

Who is the key researcher of duration for LTM?

A

Bahrick et al (1975)

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18
Q

What was Bahrick’s research?

A

used year book photos to test PHOTO RECOGNITION and FREE RECALL to remembering their school classmates 15 or 48 years after graduation

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19
Q

What was Bahrick’s findings?

A

Photo recognition, 90% corrected after 15 years. 70% correct after 48 years
Free recall, 60% after 15 years, 38% after 48 years

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20
Q

What is duration of LTM?

A

Forever; unlimited

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21
Q

What is coding?

A

the format in which information is sorted in the various memory stores

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22
Q

What is the coding of the sensory register?

A

Modality specific

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23
Q

Who was the key research for coding?

A

Baddeley

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24
Q

What was Baddeley’s research?

A

Gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember:
1) acoustically similar words, e.g. cat, cab, can
2) acoustically dissimilar words, e.g. pit, few, cow
3) semantically similar words, e.g. large, big, colossal
4) semantically dissimilar words, e.g. good, huge, hot

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25
Q

What was Baddeley’s findings?

A

recalling words immediately - semantically similar words was recalled better
recalling words after completing a 20mins task - they did worse with semantically similar words

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26
Q

What is the coding of STM?

A

Acoustic

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27
Q

What is the coding of LTM?

A

Semantic

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28
Q

What is the Multi-store model?

A

a representation of how memory works where LTM and STM are unitary stores in which information is passed between them in a linear way

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29
Q

Who created the Multi-store model?

A

Atkinson & Shiffrin

30
Q

How does the Multi-store model work?

A

1) stimuli enters the sensory register
2) if attention is paid, info will enter STM
3) through maintenance rehearsal or elaborative rehearsal info can be taken form STM to LTM
4) we then must retrieve the info form LTM to STM if we want to recall it

31
Q

What does maintenance rehearsal mean?

A

it is repeating information over yourself with your inner voice

32
Q

What does elaborative rehearsal mean?

A

understanding information to something existing in the LTM (assign meaning to it)

33
Q

What is the case study of HM?

A

had his hippocampus removed, could not form new LTM, but performed well in STM memory tests

34
Q

What is the case study of Clive Wearing?

A

viral infection, cannot form new LTM, can play the piano, has an STM but only lats 30 sec, cant remember his wedding but can remember his wife

35
Q

What is the case study of KF?

A

motorcycle accident, heard numbers he was poor at recall, read the numbers he was strong at recall

36
Q

Who was the key psychologists for types of long-term memory?

A

Tulving (1985)

37
Q

What are the 3 types of LTM?

A

Episodic
Semantic
Procedural

38
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

episodes form our life, personal memories that are different for everyone

39
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

knowledge of the world and facts, memories that are often the same for multiple people

40
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

actions, skills, or how we do things

41
Q

Is semantic memory explicit or implicit?

A

explicit, which requires conscious recall

42
Q

Is episodic memory explicit or implicit?

A

explicit, which requires conscious recall

43
Q

Is procedural memory explicit or implicit?

A

implicit, it uses unconscious recall

44
Q

Who created the Working memory model?

A

Baddeley & Hitch (1974)

45
Q

What is the Working memory model?

A

a explanation of how STM is organised and how it functions

46
Q

What are the 5 features of the WMM?

A

Central executive
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop
Long-term memory

47
Q

What is the phonological loop and its capacity and coding?

A

deal with auditory information and preserves the order in which the information arrives
capacity = 2 seconds worth of info
coding = acoustic

48
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the phonological loop and what do they do?

A

Phonological store - stores the words you hear
Articulatory process - allows maintenance rehearsal

49
Q

What is the central executive and its capacity and coding?

A

is a filter and decides what information is attended to reasoning and decision making
capacity = limited
coding = modality free

50
Q

What is the visuo-spatial sketchpad and its coding and capacity?

A

to hold static images to manipulate them
capacity = can hold 3-4 objects
coding = visual

51
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the visuo-spatial sketchpad and what do they do?

A

Visual cache - literal imagery, what it looks like
Inner scribe - spatial element, where things are in comparison to each other (arrangement of objects)

52
Q

What is dual task performance?

A

process information from lecturer (PL) and play candy crush (VSS) as different stores. Cannot listen to lecturer and talk to friend as both in PL

53
Q

What are the 2 explanations for forgetting?

A

Interference
Retrevial failure

54
Q

What is interference?

A

forgetting because one memory blocks another, causing one or both memories to be distorted or forgotten

55
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

an old memory blocks your ability to remember something new

56
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

a new memory blocks your ability of remembering an old memory

57
Q

Who studied retroactive interference?

A

McGoech & McDonald

58
Q

What was McGoech and McDonald’s procedure?

A

they changed the amount of similarity between 2 sets of materials, learn a list of 10 words till the participants remembered them with 100% accuracy. Then they learned a new list

59
Q

What was McGoech and McDonald’s findings?

A

when participants were asked to recall the original list of words, the most similar material produced were the worst recall, showing the interference is strongest when the memories are similar

60
Q

What is retrieval failure?

A

Forgetting occurs because of a lack of sufficient cues to access stored memories.

61
Q

What is context-dependent forgetting?

A

Forgetting that occurs when external cues (environment) during encoding are absent during recall (e.g., taking a test in a different room from where you learned).

62
Q

What is state-dependent forgetting?

A

Forgetting when the emotional or physiological state during encoding differs from that during recall (e.g., learning information while happy but trying to recall it while sad).

63
Q

How does anxiety affect eyewitness testimony (EWT)?

A

Anxiety can impair memory accuracy, often in an inverted-U relationship (Yerkes-Dodson curve). Moderate anxiety can enhance recall, while very low or very high anxiety reduces recall accuracy.

64
Q

What is the effect of leading questions on eyewitness testimony?

A

Leading questions can distort memory, as shown by Loftus and Palmer’s study, where different verbs (e.g., “smashed” vs. “contacted”) altered participants’ memory of the speed of cars.

65
Q

What is post-event discussion?

A

When co-witnesses discuss an event, it can lead to contamination of memories, resulting in false details being introduced.

66
Q

What was the aim of Gabbert et al.’s study on post-event discussion?

A

To investigate the effect of post-event discussion on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.

67
Q

What were the findings of Gabbert et al.’s study on post-event discussion?

A

71% of participants in the co-witness group reported details they had not actually seen, suggesting that post-event discussion can significantly alter memory.

68
Q

What are the four main techniques used in the Cognitive Interview?

A
  1. Context Reinstatement
  2. Report Everything
  3. Recall from a Changed Perspective
  4. Recall in Reverse Order
69
Q

What is the principle behind “Context Reinstatement” in the Cognitive Interview?

A

Asking the eyewitness to mentally recreate the environment and emotional state they were in during the event to trigger more accurate memories.

70
Q

What is the principle behind “Report Everything” in the Cognitive Interview?

A

Eyewitnesses are encouraged to recall all details, even those that may seem irrelevant, as this may lead to important information being retrieved.

71
Q

What is the principle behind “Recall from a Changed Perspective” in the Cognitive Interview?

A

Eyewitnesses are asked to recall the event from another person’s viewpoint (e.g., what the cashier saw during a robbery).

72
Q

What is the principle behind “Recall in Reverse Order” in the Cognitive Interview?

A

Eyewitnesses are asked to recall events in reverse order to prevent them from relying on their expectations or prior knowledge of the event.

Psychology Paper 1 (5 decks)

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