Memory Flashcards
Who came up with the Multi Store Model?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
What are the three storage systems of the MSM?
Sensory store, Short term memory, Long term memory
What comes into the sensory store and how is it encoded?
Environmental stimuli comes into the sensory store which is coded as modality specific.
What are two examples of modality specific?
Echoic and Iconic
What’s the capacity and duration of the sensory store?
It has unlimited capacity and a duration of 0.5 seconds.
How does the information move from the sensory store to the STM and what happens if it doesn’t move through?
The information moves to the STM if we pay attention to the information otherwise its lost through decay.
What’s the encoding of the STM?
The STM is coded acoustically
What’s the capacity and duration of the STM?
A capacity of 5-9 items and a duration of 15-30 seconds
What is used to keep the information in the STM to use in the 30 seconds? and how would the information be lost?
Maintenance rehearsal is used to hold the information and it can be lost through displacement or lack of the rehearsal
What type of rehearsal will move the information from the STM to the LTM in the MSM? and how is it then used?
It is Elaborately rehearsed and then it must be retrieved for the STM to use
What’s the capacity, duration, and encoding of the LTM in the MSM?
The capacity is unlimited, the duration could be a lifetime (unlimited), and the coding is semantic
Why would information be forgotten from the LTM in the MSM?
If there is interference of similar information or absence of cues to help retrieval
What are three explanations for forgetting?
Proactive and Retroactive interference, and retrieval failure due to absence of cues
What is proactive interference?
When previous memories interferes with recent similar memories
What’s retroactive interference?
When recent memories interfere with previous memories
What research supports the idea that interference causes certain types of forgetting?
The study by Underwood
What theoretical issues does the interference theory have?
The theory comes from artificial lab experiments into memory
What does Tulving’s encoding specificity principle explain?
The greater the dissimilarity between the encoding event and retrieval event, the greater the likelihood of forgetting an original memory.
What are the three type of absence’s cues?
Absence of: Context cues, state cues, organisational cues
What is absence of context cues?
This relates to externa; retrieval cues and occurs when the external environment is different at recall to how it was during coding.
What is absence of state cues?
This relates to internal retrieval cues and occurs when the internal environment is different at recall to how it was during coding
What is absence of organisation cues?
This is a special type of context cues. They help us arrange and structure knowledge and materials.
What are leading questions?
A question that either by form or content, suggests a desired answer or leads a witness to believe a desired answer is required
What was the first half of the procedure of research done by Loftus and Palmer
Using independents measures design, 45 students were shown 7 films of traffic accidents. Then the students were given questionnaires about what they had seen.
What was the conclusion from the Loftus and Palmer research?
There was a big difference between the verb “smashed” and “contacted” so the “verb” used did affect the recall of the speed even though they all saw the same clip
What did Yuille and Cutshall find from their research?
That witnesses to an armed robbery in Canada gave very accurate reports of the crime four months after the event despite initially being given two misleading questions
How can retroactive interference/media coverage lead to post event discussion that could damage EWT?
New information from what we see or hear being discussed about an incident or crime ( in the media via newspapers or TV) that then interferes with old information in our memory of the event
How can conformity lead to post event discussion that could damage EWT?
Co-witnesses may reach a consensus view of what actually happened s they are influenced by the majority opinion, even if its not their original opinion of what they saw
How can repeat interviewing lead to post event discussion that could damage EWT?
Each time an eye witness is interviewed there is a possibility that comments from the interviewer will become incorporated into their recollection of events
Why would anxiety affect the accuracy of EWT?
Witnesses may be in a state of high arousal. This will be particularly likely if there is threat/danger.
What are the three types of LTM?
Procedural memory, Semantic memory, Episodic memory
What’s procedural memory?
It is responsible for knowing how to do things, like riding a bike
What’s semantic memory?
It is responsible for storing information about the world, it’s factual information that can be thought of as a dictionary of knowledge
What’s episodic memory?
It is responsible for storing information about events that we have experienced in our lives. These are time stamped events
Who came up with the concept of the WMM?
Baddeley & Hitch
What are the 4 components of working memory?
Central consecutive, Phonological loop, Episodic buffer, Visuo-spatial sketchpad
What are the two sub-components of the phonological loop?
phonological store, articulatory control system
What are the two sub-components of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
Visual cache, inner scribe
What is the encoding and capacity of the central executive?
It is coded modality free so there are no restrictions on the type of “sense” coding, and it’s capacity is limited and it cant hold data from senses for long
What’s the job of the central executive?
It decides what working memory pays attention, it directs attention and gives priority to particular activities
What’s the encoding and capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
It is encoded visually and/or spatial - inner eye, and a limited capacity of approximately 3-4 objects
What’s the job of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
It deals with visual and spatial information, the visual cache stores the visual data and the inner scribe records the arrangements of objects in the visual field
What’s the encoding and capacity of the phonological loop?
The coding is auditory information and it preserves word order - inner ear, with a capacity limited with approximately 2 seconds
What’s the job of the phonological loop?
This temporarily retains language-based information.
What’s the encoding and capacity of the episodic buffer?
The encoding is visual and auditory, the capacity is limited to approximately 4 chunks of information
What’s the job of the episodic buffer?
The episodic buffer is an extra storage system but with limited capacity and it interprets information from all other areas
What’s a similarity and difference between procedural memory and semantic memory?
SIM: They both required encoding/learning of the knowledge at some point
DIFF: procedural memories are non-declarative but semantic memories are declarative
What’s a similarity and difference between procedural memory and episodic memory?
SIM: Episodic memories are found in the hippocampus but procedural are found in the cerebellum
DIFF: Procedural memories are “muscle memory” but episodic memories are “life event memories”
What’s a similarity and difference between episodic memory and semantic memory?
SIM: Episodic memories and semantic memories are both found in the hippocampus
DIFF: May not know or recall when we encoded semantic memories but episodic memories are date and time stamped
What are the three factors effecting the accuracy of EWT?
Leading questions, Post event discussion, anxiety
What research is there into post-event discussion?
Gabbert et al.
What research is there into anxiety and EWT?
Deffenbacher et al.
and
Johnson and Scott
Who came up with the cognitive interview?
Fisher and Gieselman
What are the 4 techniques of the cognitive interview?
Mental reinstatement of original context, Report everything, Change order, and Change perspective
What is schema?
When the person has previous knowledge of similar crimes so may think expect that to happen, this leads to inaccurate EWT
