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MVA Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

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2
Q

The three functions of memory are

A

Encoding, Storage and Retrieval

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3
Q

Encoding

A

the process by which we transform what we perceive think or feel into an enduring memory

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4
Q

Storage

A

The process of maintaining information in memory over time

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

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6
Q

How are memories constructed?

A

by combining information we already have with new information coming in.

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7
Q
A
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8
Q

Three major ways to encode

A
  • Elaborative encoding
  • Visual imagery encoding
  • Organizational encoding
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9
Q

Elaborative encoding

A

the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory

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10
Q

Visual imagery encoding

A

The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

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11
Q

Organizational encoding

A

the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

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12
Q

Three major kinds of memory storage

A

Sensory, Short-term and Long-term

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13
Q

Sensory memory

A

Storage that holds sensory information for few seconds or less

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14
Q

Short-term memory

A

also known as working memory - storage that holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.
Can hold about 7 items

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15
Q

Two ways of retaining information in Short-term memory

A

Rehearsal and chunking

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16
Q

Rehearsal

A

the process of keeping information in Short-Term memory by mentally repeating it

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17
Q

Chunking

A

combining small pieces of information into larger clusters that are more easily held in Short Term memory

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18
Q

Long Term Memory

A

storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years; no known capacity

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19
Q

Sensory Memory

A

stores all the stimuli that register on the senses
Lasts up to three seconds

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20
Q

Iconic memory

A

A type of sensory memory for visual input.
Usually lasts about 0.3 seconds

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21
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store

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22
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

23
Q

Consolidation

A

the process by which memories become stable in the brain

24
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

A technique for transferring information into long-term memory by thinking about it in a deeper way

25
Q

Self-relevant effect

A

By viewing new info as relevant to the self, we consider that info more fully and are better able to recall it

26
Q

Two kinds of long-term memory

A

Procedural (Implicit) and Declarative (Explicit)

27
Q

Implicit memory

A

Also called Procedural memory. Previous experiences aid the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.

28
Q

Explicit memory

A
  • Also called declarative memory.
  • Memories of facts.
  • Episodic - personal experiences tied to places and time.
  • Semantic- general knowlege.
29
Q

Retrieval cues

A

external information that helps bring stored information to mind

30
Q

Encoding specificity principal

A

the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded

31
Q

Recognition task

A

A form of explicit memory retrieval in which items are presented to a person who must determine if they were previously encountered

32
Q

Retrieval failure

A

Tip-of-the-tongue type thing

33
Q

Context-Dependant memory

A

We are more successful at retrieving memories if we are in the same environment in which we stored them

34
Q

State-Dependent Memory

A

We are more successful at retrieving memories if we are in the same mood as when we stored them

35
Q

Retrieval-induced forgetting

A

a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items(frontal lobe suppresses competing information)

36
Q

Transience

A

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

37
Q

Retroactive interference

A

situations in which information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier

38
Q

Proactive interference

A

situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later

39
Q

Absentmindedness

A

a lapse in attention that results in memory failure

40
Q

Prospective memory

A

remembering to do things in the future

41
Q

Blocking

A

a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it. Also known as tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

42
Q

Source memory

A

recall of when, where and how information was acquired

43
Q

False recognition

A

a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before

44
Q

Schema theory

A

preconceptions about persons, objects or events that bias the way new information is interpreted and recalled

45
Q

Misinformation effect

A

when our recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information.

46
Q

Illusory memories

A

People sometimes create memories that are completely false

47
Q

Suggestibility

A

the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

48
Q

Bias

A

The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

49
Q

Consistency Bias

A

the tendency to reconstruct the past to fit the present

50
Q

Change bias

A

the tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past

51
Q

Egocentric bias

A

the tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect

52
Q

Persistence

A

the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

53
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

54
Q

Method of loci

A

Items to be recalled are mentally placed in familiar locations

MVA Psychology (15 decks)

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