Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Question 2

The three functions of memory are

Answer 2

Encoding, Storage and Retrieval

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

the process by which we transform what we perceive think or feel into an enduring memory

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

The process of maintaining information in memory over time

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

Question 6

How are memories constructed?

Answer 6

by combining information we already have with new information coming in.

Question 8

Three major ways to encode

Answer 8

• Elaborative encoding
• Visual imagery encoding
• Organizational encoding

Question 9

Elaborative encoding

Answer 9

the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory

Question 10

Visual imagery encoding

Answer 10

The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

Question 11

Organizational encoding

Answer 11

the process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items

Question 12

Three major kinds of memory storage

Answer 12

Sensory, Short-term and Long-term

Question 13

Sensory memory

Answer 13

Storage that holds sensory information for few seconds or less

Question 14

Short-term memory

Answer 14

also known as working memory - storage that holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.
Can hold about 7 items

Question 15

Two ways of retaining information in Short-term memory

Answer 15

Rehearsal and chunking

Question 16

Rehearsal

Answer 16

the process of keeping information in Short-Term memory by mentally repeating it

Question 17

Chunking

Answer 17

combining small pieces of information into larger clusters that are more easily held in Short Term memory

Question 18

Long Term Memory

Answer 18

storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years; no known capacity

Question 19

Sensory Memory

Answer 19

stores all the stimuli that register on the senses
Lasts up to three seconds

Question 20

Iconic memory

Answer 20

A type of sensory memory for visual input.
Usually lasts about 0.3 seconds

Question 21

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 21

the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store

Question 22

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 22

the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

Question 23

Consolidation

Answer 23

the process by which memories become stable in the brain

Question 24

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 24

A technique for transferring information into long-term memory by thinking about it in a deeper way

Question 25

Self-relevant effect

Answer 25

By viewing new info as relevant to the self, we consider that info more fully and are better able to recall it

Question 26

Two kinds of long-term memory

Answer 26

Procedural (Implicit) and Declarative (Explicit)

Question 27

Implicit memory

Answer 27

Also called Procedural memory. Previous experiences aid the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.

Question 28

Explicit memory

Answer 28

* Also called declarative memory. * Memories of facts. * Episodic - personal experiences tied to places and time. * Semantic- general knowlege.

Question 29

Retrieval cues

Answer 29

external information that helps bring stored information to mind

Question 30

Encoding specificity principal

Answer 30

the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded

Question 31

Recognition task

Answer 31

A form of explicit memory retrieval in which items are presented to a person who must determine if they were previously encountered

Question 32

Retrieval failure

Answer 32

Tip-of-the-tongue type thing

Question 33

Context-Dependant memory

Answer 33

We are more successful at retrieving memories if we are in the same environment in which we stored them

Question 34

State-Dependent Memory

Answer 34

We are more successful at retrieving memories if we are in the same mood as when we stored them

Question 35

Retrieval-induced forgetting

Answer 35

a process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items(frontal lobe suppresses competing information)

Question 36

Transience

Answer 36

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

Question 37

Retroactive interference

Answer 37

situations in which information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier

Question 38

Proactive interference

Answer 38

situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later

Question 39

Absentmindedness

Answer 39

a lapse in attention that results in memory failure

Question 40

Prospective memory

Answer 40

remembering to do things in the future

Question 41

Blocking

Answer 41

a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it. Also known as tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Question 42

Source memory

Answer 42

recall of when, where and how information was acquired

Question 43

False recognition

Answer 43

a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before

Question 44

Schema theory

Answer 44

preconceptions about persons, objects or events that bias the way new information is interpreted and recalled

Question 45

Misinformation effect

Answer 45

when our recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information.

Question 46

Illusory memories

Answer 46

People sometimes create memories that are completely false

Question 47

Suggestibility

Answer 47

the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections

Question 48

Bias

Answer 48

The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

Question 49

Consistency Bias

Answer 49

the tendency to reconstruct the past to fit the present

Question 50

Change bias

Answer 50

the tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past

Question 51

Egocentric bias

Answer 51

the tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect

Question 52

Persistence

Answer 52

the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget

Question 53

Flashbulb memories

Answer 53

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

Question 54

Method of loci

Answer 54

Items to be recalled are mentally placed in familiar locations