Memory

Question 1

What is a schema?

Answer 1

A schema is a set of knowledge we have about an object, thing, or situation that we know about because of prior experiences.

Question 2

what is the reconstructive theory of memory?

Answer 2

the theory of reconstructive memory states that our memory and schemas can be reconstructed based on new information or leading questions, etc.

Question 3

what is a leading question?

Answer 3

A leading question is a question that may trigger the participant to alter their memory to satisfy a query. For example, if the participant saw no fire in a car crash, but you ask “What did you think of the fire?” they may answer the question as if they saw it because they think they did.

Question 4

what is distortion in the context of memory?

Answer 4

Distortion in memory is when we merge two or more events/memories together to form one unintentionally.

Question 5

What is confabulation?

Answer 5

Confabulation is when we lie subconsciously without the intent of deceiving someone or lying to them. We lie in this sense because we have gaps in our memory, we believe that what we are saying is correct and not a lie.

Question 6

What are accessibility problems?

Answer 6

accessibility problems are memory retrieval problems that are caused by the inability to access the problems overall.
For example: when we temporarily forget something.

Question 7

What are availability problems?

Answer 7

Availability problems are memory retrieval problems that are caused by the overall inexistence of the memory or the inability to retrieve that problem because it is unavailable. for example permanent forgetting.

Question 8

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 8

Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall memories from the past. ‘retro’ meaning ‘back in time/past’

Question 9

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 9

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories. ‘Antero’ meaning ‘forward in time/future’

Question 10

What form of amnesia can be caused due to damage of the hippocampus?

Answer 10

Anterograde amnesia – because information can not be travelled from short term memory to the long term memory.

Question 11

What form of amnesia can be caused due to damage of the frontal lobe?

Answer 11

Retrograde amnesia

Question 12

What is the role of the hippocampus?

Answer 12

The role of the hippocampus is to make new memories. It is a part of the limbic system and is important in memory-making/transportation from LTM to STM.

Question 13

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

Answer 13

The role of the frontal lobe is to organise and plan.

Question 14

What is the role of the cerebellum?

Answer 14

The role of the cerebellum is to form memories like motor skills and speaking which will last us our lifetime.

Question 15

Give details (encoding, capacity, etc) of the sensory store in the MSM of memory.

Answer 15

encoding -> 5 senses
capacity -> A lot, but not for long.
duration -> approximately 2 seconds.
forgetting -> decay.

Question 16

Give details (encoding, capacity, etc) of the short-term memory in the MSM of memory.

Answer 16

encoding -> acoustic
capacity -> 7+/-2 items (5-9)
duration -> 18-30 seconds
forgetting -> decay or displacement

Question 17

Give details (encoding, capacity, etc) of the long-term memory in the MSM of memory.

Answer 17

encoding -> semantic
capacity -> unlimited
duration -> unlimited
forgetting -> decay or retrieval failure.

Question 18

What was significant about Clive Wearing?

Answer 18

Clive Wearing had a very rare case of both anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

Question 19

How long was the Clive Wearing case?

Answer 19

21 years

Question 20

What sort of study was Clive Wearing?

Answer 20

Clive Wearings study was a longitudinal case study.

Question 21

When was Clive Wearing born?

Answer 21

1938

Question 22

When was Clive Wearing diagnosed>

Answer 22

Clive Wearing was diagnosed in 1985 after he forgot his daughters name.

Question 23

What did Clive Wearing get diagnosed with?

Answer 23

Clive Wearing got diagnosed with an influenza-type illness, which was HSVE (Herpes Simplex Viral Encephalitis)

Question 24

What did HSVE do to Clive Wearing?

Answer 24

it destroyed large parts of his brain.

Question 25

What were some of the materials used in Clive Wearings’ study?

Answer 25

Neuropsychological studies, IQ tests, MRI scans, Verbal fluency.

Question 26

what were the findings of Clive Wearings’ case? (advanced)

Answer 26

1) Clive Wearings’ short-term memory was perfectly fine but his long-term memory was severely impaired.
2) Extremely severe episodic memory deficits.
3) He was unable to remember anything from his life before his diagnosis and was unable to make new memories.
4) Significant abnormalities in his hippocampus.
5) Damage is greater to the left than to the right.

Question 27

What was significant about Clive Wearings’ findings?

Answer 27

Clive Wearings’ cerebellum was not affected - he could still walk, talk, and conduct an orchestra. But everything else he had tasted and done for the first ever time.

Question 28

what were the findings of Clive Wearings’ case? (simple)

Answer 28

1) Both anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
2) Severe brain abnormalities.
3) Decreased verbal fluency and IQ.
4) some loss of semantic memory.

Question 29

Evaluate Clive Wearings’ study.

Answer 29

a - Clive Wearing was tested over 21 years which may have caused him psychological distress.
b - Confidentiality was not maintained.
c - Hard to generalise the results to the people.

Question 30

Who is the researcher who done the reconstructive theory of memory?

Answer 30

Bartlett et al (1932)