Memory

Question 1

what are the three distinct stages of memory?

Answer 1

1) Sensory memory, 2) short term, memory, 3) long-term memory.

Question 2

what is sensory memory?

Answer 2

It’s temporary, storing information as a visual or auditory image. Visual images iconic memory last about a half a second and sounds, Echoic memory lasts up to four seconds.

Only information that is processed by selective attention can pass in the short term memory. And this can be either delivered or automatic.

Question 3

what is short term memory?

Answer 3

Up to 30 seconds, and it is divided into two components, primary memory, and working memory.

Question 4

Explain primary memory.

Answer 4

A holding tank for small amounts of memory requiring no manipulation.

Question 5

Explain working memory.

Answer 5

Not only holds memory but manipulates it.

Question 6

What is Chunking?

Answer 6

The capacity for short-term memory is very limited generally seven items plus or minus two. Chunking involves transforming separate items into a meaningful units. For example, phone numbers.

Question 7

What is the long term memory?

Answer 7

neither limited in capacity nor duration. Some theorist divide, long-term memory into recent memory (intermediate memory) which lasts around two weeks and and remote, memory, (long-term memory), which lasts two years and more.

REM sleep, new information brought into long-term memory. Dream deprivation can result in impairment in memory formation.

Question 8

what is eidetic (photographic) memory?

Answer 8

The ability to retain an image of what is seeing for a long period of time.

Question 9

What is some important concepts associated with long-term memory? (Rich People Zelle Real Live Flush Purple Elephants)

Answer 9

Retrieval, Priming, Zeigrnik Effect, Redintigration, Landmmark Events, Flshbub Memories, Prospective Memory and the Effects of Hypnosis.

Question 10

What is retrieval?

Answer 10

The process of accessing information from long term, memory into short term memory.

Question 11

what is priming?

Answer 11

Exposure to a stimulus that makes it easier for a person to recognize. Example is mnemonics.

Question 12

what is Zeigarnik effect?

Answer 12

The tendency to remember and work on incomplete tasks.

Question 13

what is Redintegration?

Answer 13

when something unlocks a chain of memories. (Grandma’s cooking makes you think of her poundcake.)

Question 14

what are landmark events?

Answer 14

Events that are important to us, such as graduation, marriage, or birth of a child.

Question 15

what are flashbulb memories?

Answer 15

Memories of distinct significant events, usually a traumatic nature. Typically you remember later what took place immediately before and during the traumatic event.

Question 16

what is prospective memory?

Answer 16

Remembering that one plan to do something at a particular time. For example, setting the timer for 2 o’clock to remember meeting.

Question 17

what are the effects of hypnosis?

Answer 17

It’s problematic tend to elicit more false memories than true ones. Not admissible in court.

Question 18

discuss the accuracy of long-term memory.

Answer 18

I long term memory can include additions, omissions, and revisions of original events. It relies heavily on semantic or meaning features. Two unreliable sources are eyewitness reports and repressed memories.

Question 19

discuss eyewitness reports

Answer 19

Repeatedly cautioned against the reliability. Inaccurate memories, commonly involve miss, identifying innocent people in mugshots. Often frequently report in accurate memories with a high degree of confidence.

Question 20

discuss repressed memories

Answer 20

evidence against repressed memories comes from the finding the most people who have witnessed a violent crime, or are victims of abuse have trouble forgetting rather than remembering the event.

Question 21

discuss classification of memory

Answer 21

Decorative or explicit memory and procedural or implicit memory.

Question 22

What is semantic memory?

Answer 22

Memory of meanings of words, facts, and how they relate to each other.

Question 23

what is episodic memory?

Answer 23

Refers to the capacity to recall, autobiographical, events, or when and where a specific event occurred. Involves reconstructing the original event in one’s mind.

Question 24

what is procedural memory?

Answer 24

Implicit or non-declarative memory-recollection of skills, physical operations, and procedures that are not remembered automatically without conscious awareness. Procedural memories are not stored with respect to specific times, or place for example, riding a bike, even after not riding it for 10 years.

Question 25

The biology of memory

Answer 25

between 1915 and 1950 Carl Lashley completed hundreds of experiments. Three years later Schofield operated on HM to relieve seizure activity in bilateral. He removed his temporal lobes. He remembered short term memory but could not remember anything after the surgery.

Further research suggested areas involved in memory, such as the front of lobe temporal cortex, the hippocampus, thalmas, mammillary bodies and the basal forebrain.

Question 26

What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

Answer 26

aka consolidation
short term memory to become long-term memories.

research also suggested changes in the dendrites associated with LTP involves enzymes called kinases.

Question 27

Who was the first researcher to study for getting?

Answer 27

Ebbinhaus

as well as memory (using himself as his subject)

The greatest amount of forgetting took place within the first hour.

Question 28

what is serial position effect?

Answer 28

I remember first and last numbers over time.

Primacy Dash list of 20 things to remember the first items.

Question 29

what is integrate amnesia?

Answer 29

Acquiring new memories

Question 30

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 30

Lots of memories from before an event happened

Question 31

what is Post traumatic amnesia?

Answer 31

Loss of memory for event, occurring a short time after trauma.

Question 32

what is Paramnesia?

Answer 32

And distortion of memory, and involves confabulation.

Question 33

Explain forgetting

Answer 33

Retrieval failure, interference, Decay, mood-congruent memory, state-dependent memory, motivated, and forgetting.

Question 34

what is retrieval failure?

Answer 34

And when information that has been stored in long-term memory, cannot be retrieved or recovered. Example tip of the tongue.

Question 35

What is interference?

Answer 35

we forget because other material interferes with the ability to learn or retrieve the target material.

Retroactive interference-Recent info interferes with old learning,

Proactive interference-previous information interferes new material.

Question 36

What is decay?

Answer 36

Memory deteriorates with the passage of time.

Question 37

what is mood congruent memory?

Answer 37

Emotional state matches the state that they were in when they learn the material.

Question 38

what is state dependent memory?

Answer 38

tendency for people to remember material better when they are in a state similar to the state they were in when learning to take place. For example, if you were smoking weed, where are you studying you might want to take a hit before you take the exam (not suggested).

Question 39

what is motivated forgetting her?

Answer 39

Developed by Freud, involves the unconscious act, DEF blocking of painful or disturbing memories.

Question 40

discuss enhancing memory

Answer 40

Chungking, imagery in association, recreation of contacts, study strategies, mnemonics, where dissociations, and the substitute word technique.

Question 41

what is chunking?

Answer 41

Combining separate items of information into meaningful units. Improves short term memory.

Question 42

What is imagery in association?

Answer 42

Can enhance memory. For example, pin floating in the ocean.

Question 43

Explain Recreation of context

Answer 43

Mentally reviewing information associated with the material to be remembered. For example, the hair color of the first grade teacher remembers the first grade classroom, the teachers trying to voice, etc..

Question 44

Explain studying strategies.

Answer 44

Distributive Practice versus Masks practice or cramming. Also, materials less likely to be forgotten if it is rehearse at regularly space intervals.

Question 45

Explain mnemonics

Answer 45

Memory enhancing strategies that include the method of loci, the peg word system, where dissociations, substitution word system.

Question 46

Discuss the method of loci.

Answer 46

Involves forming a visual image of items on one’s list, and putting each in a specific place at one mentally walks through a room.

Trying to recall a grocery list you might think of pictures of bread on the fRont door, cereal in the kit Trying to recall a grocery list you might think of pictures of bread on the floor in kitchen

Question 47

Discuss Peg word system

Answer 47

Memorizing a set of 10 visual images that can be pegs on which to hang ideas. For example, one is fun to wish you, etc. then you would then the person with associate each image with what is to be remembered.

Question 48

What is the word association?

Answer 48

Forming word or sentences with the first letter of the items being memorized, or making up stories that connect the items together. For example, Forming word or sentences with the first letter of the items being memorized, or making up stories that connect the items together. For example, RIASEC.

Question 49

discuss The substitute word technique.

Answer 49

The person break down the word to be remembered in the parts and substitute words that are more familiar and can’t be visualized. For example, to memorize cannibalize, you would break it into cat, a ball and eyes, and then form of visual image of these words.