memory Flashcards
say outloud the multistore memory model
environment input -sensory memory-short term memory- long term memory
what is required to keep a memory from sensory memory to stm
attention
how does a memory get from stm to ltm
rehearsal in stm and consolidation to get from stm to ltm
what is required to get a memory from ltm and what is it called if something cannot be remembered ?
retrieval and retrieval failure ( a memory can be forgotten at any stage)
what is the duration, encoding and capacity of sensory store
0.5 seconds, sense specific( different store for each sense), unlimited
what is duration, encoding and capacity for stm
0-18 seconds, mainly auditory, 7 +/- 2
what is the duration, encoding and capacity for ltm
unlimited, mainly sematic but can be visual or auditory, unlimited
outline maintenance rehearsal with eg
Maintenance rehearsal is the process of verbally or mentally repeating information, which allows the duration of short-term memory to be extended beyond 30 seconds. An example of maintenance rehearsal would be remembering a phone number only long enough to make the phone call.
what does elaborative rehearsal mean with eg
when information Is given meaning the process of linking new information in a meaningful way with information already stored in long-term memory. For example,
you could learn the lines in a play by relating the dialogue and behavior of your character to similar personal experiences you remember.
what did Walsh and thompson find-duration-sensory
sensory memory-duration- that the iconic sensory store has an avrg duration of 500 milliseconds which decreases with age- suggests duration of sensory memories is limited and dependant on ages
what did Baddeley find -coding-stm
stm, coding , gave ps 4 sets of words - 1 similar sounds ,2 different sounds, 3 similar meanings, 4 different meanings . when asked to recall immediately after ps made more mistakes on words that sounded alike
what did wagenaar find - capacity-lim
created diary of 2400 events over 6 years and tested himself on recall of events rather than dates , found excellent recall - suggesting capacity of ltm is very large
what is the practical application evaluation for MSM +
One strength of the multistore model is that is gives us a good understanding of the structure and process of the STM. This is good because this allows researchers to expand on this model.
This means researchers can do experiments to improve on this model and make it more valid and they can prove what the stores actually do. Therefore, the model is influential as it has generated a lot of research into memory.
what is the research evidence of HM as evaluation for MSM +
Many memory studies provide evidence to support the distinction between STM and LTM (in terms of encoding, duration and capacity). The model can account for primacy & recency effects .
The case of HM also supports the MSM as he was unable to encode new long-term memories after surgery during which his hippocampus was removed but his STM was unaffected.
He has remembered little of personal (death of mother and father) or public events (Watergate, Vietnam War) that have occurred over the last 45 years. However his short-term memory remains intact.This supports the view that the LTM and the STM are two separate stores.
what is the alternative theories evaluation point for MSM -
- there are alternative theories that explain features of memory more effectively
-eg WMM is more recent approach to understanding STM
-it takes into account that each store is not a single structure rather has several components
-it doesn’t oversimplify memory and can explain more real life situations
…msm is far too simplified in comparison
what is the too simplistic evaluation point of rehearsal for MSM
Rehearsal is considered a too simple explanation to account for the transfer of information from STM to LTM. For instance, the model ignores factors such as motivation, effect and strategy (e.g. mnemonics) which underpin learning.
Also, rehearsal is not essential to transfer information into LTM. For example, why are we able to recall information which we did not rehearse (e.g. swimming) yet unable to recall information which we have rehearsed (e.g. reading your notes while revising).
Therefore, the role of rehearsal as a means of transferring from STM to LTM is much less important than Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) claimed in their model.
verbally describe the layout of the WMM
top to bottom:
1-central executive
2-phonological loop off of ce :
-inside ^ is phonological store & articulatory control system (ie inner voice)
3-episodic buffer of off ce
4-visuo-spatial sketchpad of off ce:
-inside ^ is visual cache & inner scribe
-2,3,4- all link at bottom to ltm
who came up with the working memory model ?
Baddeley and hitch
what is the encoding and capacity of the central executive ?
e-modality free, c-limited
describe central executive
-function is to direct attention to particular tasks
-determines at any time how the brains ‘resources’ are allocated to tasks
-data arrives from senses or from long term memory
-it uses different ‘slave systems’ as resources to deal with information
what was the research on the central executive ?
BUNGE 2000-
experiment, mri scanner, to see what parts of brain were active when participants were performing a single task, and also two tasks at once.
significant more activity in brain when two tasks, indicating there was an increased demand for attention when performing two tasks simultaneously
what does bungee research show ?
the more activities completed at once means that there’s more activity in the brain and more demand for attention
