Memory

Question 1

what is explicit memory + give to examples ?

Answer 1

• memory that we try and consciously recall
• semantic
• episodic

Question 2

what is implicit memory ?

Answer 2

• cannot be consciously recalled
• procedural

Question 3

what is episodic memory ?

Answer 3

• explicit
• memory of a specific event at a specific point in time

Question 4

what is semantic memory ?

Answer 4

• explicit
• memory of facts + meaningful information
  eg, knowing that capital of England is London

Question 5

what is procedural memory ?

Answer 5

• implicit
• can recall unconsciously
• muscle-based memory , memory of actions + skills
• eg. riding a bike

Question 6

what is research support for types of long term memory ?

Answer 6

• case studies = Clive wearing
• had damaged episodic memories but intact semantic + procedural memories ( still play piano)
  -therefore shows that there are 3 different types of LTM + one store can be damaged but others still work

Question 7

what is issue with case studies such as Clive wearing + HM ?

Answer 7

• cannot examine which part of brain was damaged until after death
• lack of control variables
• no knowledge of persons memory before damage therefore difficult to establish cause + effect
• case studies lack generalisability

Question 8

Conflicting neurological evidence for LTM

Answer 8

• one study showed semantic memory located on left prefrontal cortex + episodic on right
• shows that they each have a different neurological
  basis because they are recalled from different parts of the brain.
• however other studies show opposite sides

Question 9

RWA - helping ppl with memory problems

Answer 9

• found as age increases episodic memory loss increases
• can devise interventions to improve episodic memory in older people

Question 10

Define capacity ?

Answer 10

measure of amount of info that can be stored in memory

Question 11

Define coding

Answer 11

way info is modified so that it can be stores in memory

Question 12

define duration

Answer 12

how long a memory can be stored before it is no longer available

Question 13

what is the central executive ?

Answer 13

• limited capacity
• attentional processes that allocates slave systems to task

Question 14

what is phonological loop + what is it’s subdivisions ?

Answer 14

deals with auditory info

• subdivided into phonological store = holds words you hear
• articulatory process = allows maintenance rehersal

Question 15

what is the visuo - spatial sketchpad

Answer 15

• temporary store of visual + spatial info
• inner scribe = placement of objects
• visual cache = colours

Question 16

what is the episodic buffer ?

Answer 16

• maintains sense of time - sequencing
• links to LTM

Question 17

what do all components of the WMM have ?

Answer 17

limited capacity

Question 18

2 limitations of the WMM

Answer 18

• concept of CE it too vague
• doesn’t fully explain anything
• could be composed of several sub-components
• therefore reduces validity of WMM
• ignores 3 of five sense = smell, touch, taste

Question 19

strength of WMM ( research support )

Answer 19

• research support from dual task studies
• p’s found it harder to perform 2 visual tasks at the same time compared to doing a verbal + visual task
• because visual tasks compete for same resources of the VSS whereas verbal involves PL
• easier to do 2 tasks at same time if they use diff processing systems

Question 20

Case study of KF = strength of WMM

Answer 20

• after injury had poor STM ability for auditory information
• but intact ability for visual info
• damaged phonological loop + buts VSS normal
• therefore supports idea that they are separate
• However, case studies lack generalisability as they are unique to an individual
• could have other cognitive impairments that may have affected results, therefore act as confounding variables

Question 21

what are the 4 techniques used in the cognitive interview ?

Answer 21

• report everything
• reinstate context
• change order
• change perspective