Memory Flashcards
Encoding
changing info into a form so it can be held in the brain
visual encoding
acoustic encoding
semantic encoding
how it looks
how it sounds
its general meaning
Storage
holding info so it can be retrieved easily
Baddeley, Aim
difference between encoding LTM and STM
Baddeley - method
4 groups, were given lists of words.
Acoustically similar (A) and different (B).
Semantically similar (C) and different(D).
Then the words flashed and they were asked to recall.
Baddeley - results
Did worse in B than A and worse in D than C
Conclusion
Acoustic encoding applies to short-term memory (STM) because they were asked to recall the list immediately.
Sematic encoding applies to long-term memory (LTM) because these lists were recalled after 20 minutes
retrieval
locating and bringing back info from the brain
Evaluate Baddeley’s study
+ controlled so little to no extraneous variables
- Doesnt include visual which is STM
- Only 20 min so not actually testing LTM
Episodic
memory of events
Semantic
memory of general knowledge
Procedural
memory of skills
Conscious
we need to think about it to remember it
Unconsious
we do not need to think about it to remember it
Evaluate the types of LTM
+Brain scans show different locations for each type (episodic in right prefrontal area / semantic in left prefrontal area/ procedural is in the motor area)
+Clive Wearing has most of his procedural but no episodic memories
- not that simple LTM types can be difficult to seperate
Multi store Model
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968) developed a model to explain how memory works. The model consisted of three kinds of memory and an explanation about how information moves from one store to another.
SM
Large capacity and short duration around 15s. Coding relates to senses.
STM
has a limited capacity and limited duration. Information tends to be coded in terms od sounds (acoustic). This is a temporary store for information which may simply disappear or may be passed to long-term memory if it is rehearsed a number of times.
LTM
has a very large capacity and a very long duration. COding is mainly semantic (meaning). This is our permanent memory.
Capacity
how much information can be held in a memory store.
Coding
the format in which information is stored in the various memory stores.
Duration
length of time information can be held in memory.
Evaluate MSM
+ supporting evidence by baddeley
- too simple
+Clive Wearing-> only LTM so they are seperate
What is primacy and recency effect
Primacy - remembering the first 5 or so words
Recency- remembering the last 5 or so words
Serial position curve
the tendency to remember the first and last 5 words the best
Murdock’s aim, method, results and conclusion
-1962, if memory for words was affected by the # of words someone had to remember
- list of words (4,000 most common english words)- 103 psychology students were given a list of words between 10 and 40- they had to recall the words- took place over sessions
- likelihood to remember smth was dependent on their position
-These results demonstrate a serial position effect – the position of a word determines the likelihood of its recall. Recency effects are strongest. The results support the multi-store model because they fit the predictions of the model. The first words are well remembered because they have been rehearsed longest and are therefore long-term memories. The more recent words are well remembered because they are still in the short-term memory store.
So the study illustrates the action of short- and long-term memory as described by the multistore model.
evaluate Murdock
+ controlled
- not smth you do daily (artificial)
+ethical
