Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

changing info into a form so it can be held in the brain

Question 2

visual encoding
acoustic encoding
semantic encoding

Answer 2

how it looks
how it sounds
its general meaning

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

holding info so it can be retrieved easily

Question 4

Baddeley, Aim

Answer 4

difference between encoding LTM and STM

Question 5

Baddeley - method

Answer 5

4 groups, were given lists of words.
Acoustically similar (A) and different (B).
Semantically similar (C) and different(D).
Then the words flashed and they were asked to recall.

Question 6

Baddeley - results

Answer 6

Did worse in B than A and worse in D than C

Question 7

Conclusion

Answer 7

Acoustic encoding applies to short-term memory (STM) because they were asked to recall the list immediately.
Sematic encoding applies to long-term memory (LTM) because these lists were recalled after 20 minutes

Question 8

retrieval

Answer 8

locating and bringing back info from the brain

Question 9

Evaluate Baddeley’s study

Answer 9

+ controlled so little to no extraneous variables
- Doesnt include visual which is STM
- Only 20 min so not actually testing LTM

Question 10

Episodic

Answer 10

memory of events

Question 11

Semantic

Answer 11

memory of general knowledge

Question 12

Procedural

Answer 12

memory of skills

Question 13

Conscious

Answer 13

we need to think about it to remember it

Question 14

Unconsious

Answer 14

we do not need to think about it to remember it

Question 15

Evaluate the types of LTM

Answer 15

+Brain scans show different locations for each type (episodic in right prefrontal area / semantic in left prefrontal area/ procedural is in the motor area)
+Clive Wearing has most of his procedural but no episodic memories
- not that simple LTM types can be difficult to seperate

Question 16

Multi store Model

Answer 16

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968) developed a model to explain how memory works. The model consisted of three kinds of memory and an explanation about how information moves from one store to another.

Question 17

SM

Answer 17

Large capacity and short duration around 15s. Coding relates to senses.

Question 18

STM

Answer 18

has a limited capacity and limited duration. Information tends to be coded in terms od sounds (acoustic). This is a temporary store for information which may simply disappear or may be passed to long-term memory if it is rehearsed a number of times.

Question 19

LTM

Answer 19

has a very large capacity and a very long duration. COding is mainly semantic (meaning). This is our permanent memory.

Question 20

Capacity

Answer 20

how much information can be held in a memory store.

Question 21

Coding

Answer 21

the format in which information is stored in the various memory stores.

Question 22

Duration

Answer 22

length of time information can be held in memory.

Question 23

Evaluate MSM

Answer 23

+ supporting evidence by baddeley
- too simple
+Clive Wearing-> only LTM so they are seperate

Question 24

What is primacy and recency effect

Answer 24

Primacy - remembering the first 5 or so words
Recency- remembering the last 5 or so words

Question 25

Serial position curve

Answer 25

the tendency to remember the first and last 5 words the best

Question 26

Murdock’s aim, method, results and conclusion

Answer 26

-1962, if memory for words was affected by the # of words someone had to remember
- list of words (4,000 most common english words)- 103 psychology students were given a list of words between 10 and 40- they had to recall the words- took place over sessions
- likelihood to remember smth was dependent on their position
-These results demonstrate a serial position effect – the position of a word determines the likelihood of its recall. Recency effects are strongest. The results support the multi-store model because they fit the predictions of the model. The first words are well remembered because they have been rehearsed longest and are therefore long-term memories. The more recent words are well remembered because they are still in the short-term memory store.
So the study illustrates the action of short- and long-term memory as described by the multistore model.

Question 27

evaluate Murdock

Answer 27

+ controlled
- not smth you do daily (artificial)
+ethical