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AP Psych > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

persistence of learning overtime

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2
Q

What can affect memory

A

culture, attention, time, meaning

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3
Q

information processing model

A

a computer like model used to describe the way humans encode, store, and retrieve information

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4
Q

encoding

A

getting information to our brain

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5
Q

storage

A

retaining information

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6
Q

retrieval

A

getting the information back out

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7
Q

tip of the tounge phenomenon

A

simple retrieval phenomenon

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8
Q

recall

A

retrieving information that is not currently in our conscious awareness, but was learned at an earlier time.

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9
Q

recognition

A

generally easier because the first step is already complete, and only has to decide if the information is correct.

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10
Q

relearning

A

learning something more quickly when you learn it the second time, or at a later time

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11
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

Randomly selected a sample of nonsense syllables and practiced them. When he tested them he found that the more he repeated them the less time was required to learn the list. (recall, recognition, relearning)

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12
Q

Encoding

A

the information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be relearned

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13
Q

Storage

A

the information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved

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14
Q

Retrieval

A

reactivating and recalling the information, producing it in a form that is similar to what was encoded.

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15
Q

Parrell processing

A

our brain can process many things simultaneously (often unconsciously)..interconnected neural networking in our brain

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16
Q

Some stimuli are picked up by our senses and processed by the sensory organs. This generates information which enters the…

A

Sensory memory

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17
Q

Working memory

A

system in our brain that allows you to temporarily retain and manipulate the stored information involved in a complex process.

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18
Q

Active state

A

contains information that you are immediately aware

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19
Q

Example of working memory

A

Use your working memory to read through slides and write down notes. Entering the working memory through vision

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20
Q

Example of working memory

A

Use your working memory to read through slides and write down notes. Entering the working memory through vision

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21
Q

Effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
ex. school

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22
Q

Automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information
ex. space, time, frequency

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23
Q

explicit memory

A

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.
ex. academics

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24
Q

Implicit memory

A

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations… procedural memory
ex. riding a bike, swimming, reading

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25
Q

Sensory memory

A

external events from our senses are held just long enough to be perceived

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26
Q

Iconic memory

A

sensory input to the visual system goes into the iconic memory

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27
Q

Echoic memory

A

the branch of sensory memory used by the auditory system

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28
Q

haptic memory

A

related to your sense of touch- allows you to identify things you are touching

29
Q

Who is the person associated with short term memory

A

george mills

30
Q

Shallow processing

A

encoding on a basic level based on the structure of appearance

31
Q

two types of shallow processing

A

Structural and Phonetic

32
Q

Structural

A

encode physical qualities

33
Q

phonetic

A

encode sound

34
Q

Chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable, meaningful units. Often happens automatically and helps you remember better.

35
Q

Massed practice(cramming)

A

short term learning- forget quickly

36
Q

Spacing effect/ distributed practice

A

long term retention

37
Q

visual encoding

A

process with which one remembers visual images

38
Q

acoustic encoding

A

the encoding of sound; sound of words
rhyming- if the glove doesn’t fit you must acquit

39
Q

semantic encoding

A

providing meaning- applying context, examples

40
Q

Fergus Craik and Robert Lockarts levels of processing model

A

how long and how well you we remember information depends on how deeply we process the information when it’s encoded.

41
Q

Deep processing

A

occurs when we attach meaning to information and create associations between new memory and existing ones

42
Q

Long term memory

A

all the memories we hold for periods of time longer than a few seconds

43
Q

retrieval and use of explicit memories is facilitated by the ….

A

hippocampus

44
Q

The cerebellum…

A

forms and stores our conditioned responses
We can remember a phobic fear even if we can’t remember how we got it.

45
Q

The basal ganglia

A

control movement, forms and stores procedural memory and motor skills

46
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

implicit memory from infancy can be retained, including skills and conditioned responses. However explicit memories only go back to age 3 because the hippocampus is not fully developed so memories are not stored.

47
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

memories that are affected by our emotional state. Remember what you were doing, where you were, ect. Not as accurate as they feel

48
Q

Why are flashbulb memories so vivid

A
  1. emotions trigger a rise in stress hormones
  2. hormones trigger activity in the amygdala next to hippocampus
  3. tags the memory as important
49
Q

Long term potentiation

A

increase in a cells firing potential- happens after repetition

50
Q

Synaptic pathways

A

by rehearsing or recalling information over and over neural networks become strengthened + makes it more likely to repeat

51
Q

priming

A

triggers a thread of associations that bring us to a concept
one idea triggers another

52
Q

Context-dependent memory

A

we retrieve a memory more easily when in the same context as when we formed the memory

53
Q

State-dependent memory

A

memories can be tied to the physiological or emotional state we were in when we formed the memory

54
Q

mood congruent memory

A

the tendency to selectively recall details that are consistent with ones current mood- reinforces the current mood

55
Q

Serial position effect

A

the tendency when learning to remember the first items and last items in a long list

56
Q

retrieval failure

A

the failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time of encoding

57
Q

HM

A

His hippocampus was removed to stop seizures. He could learn new skills but had no memory of the lessons or instructors

58
Q

Interference theory

A

some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories, forgetting in the long term memory.

59
Q

Proactive interference

A

older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories

It is easier to remember your old address over your new one.

60
Q

retroactive interference

A

newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older ones.
Learning a new song may cause you to forget the words to the old one.

61
Q

Amnesia

A

occurs when a person experiences full or partial loss of memory

62
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

cannot remember things before the event that caused the amnesia

63
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

Cannot create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia

64
Q

encoding failure

A

occurs when a memory was never formed in the first place
in one ear out the other

65
Q

Storage decay

A

Material encoded into long term memory will decay if memory is never used, recalled, and restored

66
Q

Repression

A

Freud argued that our memory systems self censored information
we repress painful or unacceptable memories to protect our self-concept and minimize anxiety.

67
Q

memory reconstruction

A

approach to understanding memory as a cognitive process and the errors that occur within it

68
Q

pseudo memories

A

false memories that a person believes to be true

69
Q

Source amnesia

A

the inability to remember the source of a memory while retaining its substance

AP Psych (2 decks)

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