Memory

Question 1

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 1

Inability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia

Question 2

Define memory…

Answer 2

The mental capacity to store and later recognise/recall previously experienced events

Question 3

Is memory an active or passive mental system?

Answer 3

Active

Question 4

What are the 3 stages of memory?

Answer 4

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval

Question 5

What are the 3 main methods of encoding info into memory?

Answer 5

1. Visual (seeing something)
2. Acoustic (hearing something)
3. Semantic (the meaning of something)

Question 6

What is memory storage briefly divided into?

Answer 6

Short term memory
Long term memory

Question 7

How long does short term memory last?

Answer 7

Up to 30 seconds

Question 8

What are the 2 main types of memory retrieval?

Answer 8

Recall
Recognition

Question 9

What is the multi store model of memory?

Answer 9

Take in sensory info…
Some of that is taken to short term memory…
Some of that is taken to long term memory

Whether it reaches the next stage is dependent on whether we pay attention to the info

Question 10

How long does sensory memory last for?

Answer 10

0.5 seconds

Question 11

Where is sensory memory stored?

Answer 11

Different sensory stores for each sensory modality

Visual = post. Parietal cortex
Acoustic = primary auditory cortex
Semantic = hippocampus

Question 12

Where is short term memory stored?

Answer 12

Frontal + parietal lobes

Question 13

How many pieces of info can be processed in short term memory at once?

Answer 13

The 7 rule!

Average is 7, plus/minus 2

Question 14

Where does long term memory consolidation/learning occur?

Answer 14

Hippocampus

Question 15

What is the main way that info reaching long term memory has been encoded?

Answer 15

Semantic encoding (things with/giving things meaning)

Question 16

Where is emotion-related memory processed?

Answer 16

Amygdala

Question 17

What aspect of the multi-store model of memory does “working memory” replace?

Answer 17

Short term memory

Question 18

Which aspect of working memory orders memory into chronological events?

Answer 18

The episodic buffer

Question 19

Which aspect of working memory acts as the inner voice used to repeat info back to ourselves in order for it to stick in long term memory?

Answer 19

Phonological loop

Question 20

Which aspect of working memory acts as the inner eye?

Answer 20

The Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Question 21

Which aspect of working memory acts to perform cognitive tasks like problem solving?

Answer 21

Central executive

Question 22

What does the working memory aspect “phonological loop” store?

Answer 22

Auditory info by repeating/rehearsing sounds in our head

(e.g. repeating a phone number back to yourself on a loop)

Question 23

What does the working memory aspect “visuo-spatial sketchpad” store?

Answer 23

Visual and spatial info

(E.g used when judging distance or counting windows on a house)

Question 24

What does the working memory aspect of the “episodic buffer” do?

Answer 24

Linking info from other stores together to form a rounded, chronological event

(E.g engaged when remembering/recounting a story)

Question 25

What are the 3 main models of memory?

Answer 25

- multi-store model - working memory model - levels of processing model

Question 26

What does the “levels of processing” model suggest about memory?

Answer 26

The depth of processing leads to stronger memories That memory doesn’t have to go through the linear process to reach long term memory, as seen in the multi-store model, but rather, THE MORE ATTENTION / REHEARSAL INFO IS GIVEN, THE STRONGER THE MEMORY WILL BE

Question 27

Which part of the memory process does the “levels of processing model” focus on?

Answer 27

Encoding = the deeper the level of encoding, the longer a memory will last

Question 28

What are the 3 methods of processing/encoding used in the “levels of processing” model ? Which methods lead to stronger Vs weaker memory traces, according to this model?

Answer 28

Superficial (weaker) encoding: 1. Structural processing (how something looks) 2. Phonemic processing (how something sounds) Deep (stronger) processing 3. Semantic processing (what something means)

Question 29

What are the 2 types of long term memory?

Answer 29

Explicit (consciously recall e.g think back to first kiss, recall facts) Implicit (knowledge without awareness of memory e.g being able to drive without relearning)

Question 30

What are the subdivisions of explicit long term memory?

Answer 30

1. Episodic (e.g first kiss, a holiday…) 2. Semantic (e.g facts, general knowledge)

Question 31

What are the subdivisions of implicit long term memory?

Answer 31

1. Procedural (= skills/actions e.g knowing how to drive/ride a bike/clean a plate…) 2. Priming (= when exposure to 1 stimulus influences response to another e.g associating pairs like “bread” and “butter”)

Question 32

What type of long term memory is another word for “muscle memory” ?

Answer 32

Procedural aspect of implicit memory

Question 33

What is another name for explicit memory?

Answer 33

Declarative memory

Question 34

What is another name for implicit memory?

Answer 34

Non-declarative memory

Question 35

Which type of long term memory is affected by neuro degenerative diseases e.g Alzheimer’s?

Answer 35

Explicit /declarative memory

Question 36

What are the theories of forgetting, regarding short term memory?

Answer 36

1. Trace of decay (STM leaves a trace in the brain that fades after 30 secs) 2. Displacement from short term memory (new info replaces old when STM is full)

Question 37

What is the theory of forgetting, regarding long term memory?

Answer 37

Interference theory = info in LTM may get confused as new memories interfere with what we have previously learned

Question 38

What is childhood amnesia?

Answer 38

Inability to recall early episodic memories from childhood as an adult

Question 39

What does “source confusion” mean in terms of false memory?

Answer 39

= misattribution of where a “memory” has come from E.g an eye witness finds out perpetrator had a gun, so later down the line they recount having seen perpetrator with a gun (cos they think they did, they’re not lying, they’re just confusing the source of the info about the gun)