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Sem 3, Case 5 (stroke, memory and GAD) > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia

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2
Q

Define memory…

A

The mental capacity to store and later recognise/recall previously experienced events

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3
Q

Is memory an active or passive mental system?

A

Active

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4
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
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5
Q

What are the 3 main methods of encoding info into memory?

A
  1. Visual (seeing something)
  2. Acoustic (hearing something)
  3. Semantic (the meaning of something)
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6
Q

What is memory storage briefly divided into?

A

Short term memory
Long term memory

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7
Q

How long does short term memory last?

A

Up to 30 seconds

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8
Q

What are the 2 main types of memory retrieval?

A

Recall
Recognition

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9
Q

What is the multi store model of memory?

A

Take in sensory info…
Some of that is taken to short term memory…
Some of that is taken to long term memory

Whether it reaches the next stage is dependent on whether we pay attention to the info

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10
Q

How long does sensory memory last for?

A

0.5 seconds

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11
Q

Where is sensory memory stored?

A

Different sensory stores for each sensory modality

Visual = post. Parietal cortex
Acoustic = primary auditory cortex
Semantic = hippocampus

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12
Q

Where is short term memory stored?

A

Frontal + parietal lobes

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13
Q

How many pieces of info can be processed in short term memory at once?

A

The 7 rule!

Average is 7, plus/minus 2

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14
Q

Where does long term memory consolidation/learning occur?

A

Hippocampus

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15
Q

What is the main way that info reaching long term memory has been encoded?

A

Semantic encoding (things with/giving things meaning)

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16
Q

Where is emotion-related memory processed?

A

Amygdala

17
Q

What aspect of the multi-store model of memory does “working memory” replace?

A

Short term memory

18
Q

Which aspect of working memory orders memory into chronological events?

A

The episodic buffer

19
Q

Which aspect of working memory acts as the inner voice used to repeat info back to ourselves in order for it to stick in long term memory?

A

Phonological loop

20
Q

Which aspect of working memory acts as the inner eye?

A

The Visuo-spatial sketchpad

21
Q

Which aspect of working memory acts to perform cognitive tasks like problem solving?

A

Central executive

22
Q

What does the working memory aspect “phonological loop” store?

A

Auditory info by repeating/rehearsing sounds in our head

(e.g. repeating a phone number back to yourself on a loop)

23
Q

What does the working memory aspect “visuo-spatial sketchpad” store?

A

Visual and spatial info

(E.g used when judging distance or counting windows on a house)

24
Q

What does the working memory aspect of the “episodic buffer” do?

A

Linking info from other stores together to form a rounded, chronological event

(E.g engaged when remembering/recounting a story)

25
Q

What are the 3 main models of memory?

A
  • multi-store model
  • working memory model
  • levels of processing model
26
Q

What does the “levels of processing” model suggest about memory?

A

The depth of processing leads to stronger memories

That memory doesn’t have to go through the linear process to reach long term memory, as seen in the multi-store model, but rather, THE MORE ATTENTION / REHEARSAL INFO IS GIVEN, THE STRONGER THE MEMORY WILL BE

27
Q

Which part of the memory process does the “levels of processing model” focus on?

A

Encoding

= the deeper the level of encoding, the longer a memory will last

28
Q

What are the 3 methods of processing/encoding used in the “levels of processing” model ?
Which methods lead to stronger Vs weaker memory traces, according to this model?

A

Superficial (weaker) encoding:
1. Structural processing (how something looks)
2. Phonemic processing (how something sounds)

Deep (stronger) processing
3. Semantic processing (what something means)

29
Q

What are the 2 types of long term memory?

A

Explicit (consciously recall e.g think back to first kiss, recall facts)
Implicit (knowledge without awareness of memory e.g being able to drive without relearning)

30
Q

What are the subdivisions of explicit long term memory?

A
  1. Episodic (e.g first kiss, a holiday…)
  2. Semantic (e.g facts, general knowledge)
31
Q

What are the subdivisions of implicit long term memory?

A
  1. Procedural (= skills/actions e.g knowing how to drive/ride a bike/clean a plate…)
  2. Priming (= when exposure to 1 stimulus influences response to another e.g associating pairs like “bread” and “butter”)
32
Q

What type of long term memory is another word for “muscle memory” ?

A

Procedural aspect of implicit memory

33
Q

What is another name for explicit memory?

A

Declarative memory

34
Q

What is another name for implicit memory?

A

Non-declarative memory

35
Q

Which type of long term memory is affected by neuro degenerative diseases e.g Alzheimer’s?

A

Explicit /declarative memory

36
Q

What are the theories of forgetting, regarding short term memory?

A
  1. Trace of decay (STM leaves a trace in the brain that fades after 30 secs)
  2. Displacement from short term memory (new info replaces old when STM is full)
37
Q

What is the theory of forgetting, regarding long term memory?

A

Interference theory
= info in LTM may get confused as new memories interfere with what we have previously learned

38
Q

What is childhood amnesia?

A

Inability to recall early episodic memories from childhood as an adult

39
Q

What does “source confusion” mean in terms of false memory?

A

= misattribution of where a “memory” has come from

E.g an eye witness finds out perpetrator had a gun, so later down the line they recount having seen perpetrator with a gun (cos they think they did, they’re not lying, they’re just confusing the source of the info about the gun)

Sem 3, Case 5 (stroke, memory and GAD) (3 decks)

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