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Chapter 6: Memory > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

MEMORY

A

The persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

MEMORY PROCESSES

A

Remembering requires all 3
Forgetting may be caused by failure at any one of the 3 stages

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3
Q

Encoding

A

the processing of information into the memory system (get it into your mind before you can store)
Attention is critical

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4
Q

ENCODING: Semantic
Acoustic
Visual

A
  • encoding of meaning (meaning of a term); encoding of sound (mom’s voice); encoding of picture images (describing early childhood memory)
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5
Q

Storage

A

refers to moving the encoded information into a memory state and maintaining the information

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6
Q

Retrieval

A

refers to recovery of stored information from a memory store, and moving the information into consciousness
Ex: Middle name, wasn’t currently thinking; 10th birthday present, unless significant, won’t remember; depends

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7
Q

STAGE MODEL OF MEMORY

A

Contains 3 storage areas: sensory memory, working memory (or short term memory), and long term memory

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8
Q

SENSORY MEMORY

A

Holds information about a perceived stimulus for a few seconds after the stimulus disappears
Allows mental representation to stay in your mind for a few seconds for some further processing
Ex: Knowing and remembering to write down after teacher tells you something

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9
Q

SENSORY MEMORY: ICONIC STORE

A

Stores visual stimuli (icons - images that represent something)
Ex: Looking at an image, it disappears, then naming everything you remember in the image
Duration is ½ a second
Can hold 9-10 items

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10
Q

SENSORY MEMORY: ECHOIC STORE

A

Stores auditory stimuli (echoes)
Can hold 5 items (holds less than iconic)
Duration is 3-4 seconds (holds longer than iconic)
2 stores? One for speech (left) and nonspeech (right)

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11
Q

Working memory -

A

reasoning, language comprehension, solving problems; active memory; to accomplish tasks

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12
Q

Short-term memory -

A

probably a component of working emory, holds a small amount of information in consciousness for about 20 seconds unless you make an effort to keep it in your memory

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13
Q

Lunch Counter Analogy

A

Short-term memory
Limited amount of seats
Someone has to get up and leave before you can eat
New information coming in, bumps out old information

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14
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Trying to keep it in your head, repeating it in head
Short-term memory

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15
Q

Chunking

A

grouping individual items into meaningful units

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16
Q

Capacity of short term memory

A

= 7 items +/-2

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17
Q

BADDELEY’S WORKING MEMORY MODEL - Phonological loop

A
  • stores and rehearses speech information
    Ex: remembering phone number to put into contact after being told
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18
Q

BADDELYS WORKING MEMORY MODEL; Visuospatial sketchpad

A
  • stores and manipulates and spatial information
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19
Q

BADDELYS WORKING MEMORY MODEL; Central executive

A
  • governs shifts of attention
    Being able to shift attention from one task to another as needed
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20
Q

LONG-TERM MEMORY

A

Storehouse of everything from sensory and short-term memories
Ex: emotions, skills, categories, rules, judgements
Constitutes your total knowledge of the world and self (personality)

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21
Q

LTM: ENCODING AND STORAGE

A

During transfer of information (short to long)
Must be filed in appropriate place to store
Importance of organization → Easier access later

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22
Q

Role of sleep

A

During REM sleep, recent addition to LTM is reviewed, cataloged

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23
Q

Levels of processing theorY

A
  • the types of processing may influence memory
    The deeper the level you process the information, the more likely you are to get it in your memory
24
Q

Capacity of LTM

A

= N/A
Theorists suggest it’s infinite

25
Q

Implicit Memory (nondeclarative memory)

A

memory without conscious recall (awareness)
Procedural memory - motor skills, actions
Affects your performance
Ex: making list of your shower routine, have to take time to remember

26
Q

Explicit memory (declarative memory) -

A

memory with conscious recall (awareness)

27
Q

EXPLICIT MEMORY: Episodic Memory -

A

events you have experienced or episodes
Ex: HS graduation

28
Q

EXPLICIT MEMORY: Semantic memory -

A

general knowledge, facts, trivia, concepts
Ex: not knowing when and where I learned the 1st US President, but you know it

29
Q

LTM: RETRIEVAL -> recall

A

using a very general stimulus cue to search the contents of LTM
Ex: free response question

30
Q

LTM: RETRIEVAL -> recognition

A

process of matching a specific stimulus cue to an appropriate item in LTM
Ex: multiple choice test

31
Q

RETRIEVAL FAILURE –> Encoding specificity problems

A
  • suggests recall is better if retrieval context resembles the encoding context
    Context effect
    Ex: Studying in specific location, should take test in that location;
32
Q

RETRIEVAL FAILURE TIP OF THE TONGUE

A

feeling that a word or concept trying to remember is just barely out of reach/inaccessible, can’t quite retrieve it

33
Q

autobiographical memory,

A

provides the basis for the development of an enduring sense of self.

34
Q

FLASHBULB MEMORIES

A

The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate.
Research Ex: 9/11 Memories
function just as normal, everyday memories do. We remember flashbulb memories no more accurately than other memories.
We remember some details, forget some details, and think we remember some details; high degree of confidence the person has in the accuracy of these memories.
Confidence in a memory is no guarantee of accuracy.

35
Q

FORGETTING

A

Can occur at any of the processes of memory - encoding, storage, or retrieval

36
Q

Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve

A

much of what we forget is lost relatively soon after we originally learned it.
How quickly we forget material depends on several factors – how well the material was encoded in the first place, how meaningful the material was, and how often it was rehearsed; The amount of forgetting eventually levels with very little difference between how much Ebbinghaus forgot eight hours later and a month later. The information that is not quickly forgotten seems to be remarkably stable in memory over long periods of time.

37
Q

Encoding Failure –

A

The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory.
Ex: What does a penny look like?

38
Q

ENCODING FAILURE – absentmindedness

A

don’t pay enough attention to a bit of information at the time when you should be encoding it
Ex: which aisle you parked your car at the mall.

39
Q

INTERFERENCE
Proactive

A

Old memory blocks new memory
Ex: accidentally call new boyfriend your ex’s name
Ex: trying to unlock lock with old high school combination

40
Q

Retroactive

A

New memory blocks old memory
Ex: can’t remember old home address

41
Q

IMPERFECT MEMORIES: SCHEMAS

A

Refers to a structured set of cognitions which organizes our knowledge about the social world

42
Q

IMPERFECT MEMORIES: MISINFORMATION EFFECT

A

Refers to when your existing memories can be altered if you are exposed to misleading information
Our memories are often reconstructive; our reconstructions of past events are heavily influenced by the way in which questions about those events are asked

43
Q

IMPERFECT MEMORIES: SOURCE CONFUSION

A

a memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten

44
Q

IMPERFECT MEMORIES: IMAGINATION INFLATION

A

A memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred.

45
Q

WHERE DO MEMORIES RESIDE?

A

engram

46
Q

Hippocampus

A

encodes and transfers new explicit memories to long-term memory

47
Q

Cerebellum

A

memories involving movement

48
Q

Medial Temporal Lobe

A

(not visible) encodes complex memories by forming links among information in multiple brain regions

49
Q

Amygdala

A

encodes emotional aspects of memories

50
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

memory involving the sequence of events, but not the events themselves

51
Q

Emotion and stress may enhance memory retention
Key factors:

A

the hormone adrenaline (fight or flight), the hippocampus (consolidating into LTM, and amygdala (emotional significance)

52
Q

Memory consolidation

A

process of converting new long-term memories to stable long-term memories

53
Q

What affects consolidation?
Disrupt/Interfere

A

– brain trauma, concussion, drugs, alcohol

54
Q

What affects consolidation?
Enhance

A

adrenaline, amygdala

55
Q

RETROGRADE AMNESIA

A

Retrograde = “backward moving.”
Loss of memory, especially for episodic information of recent events.

56
Q

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA

A

The loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories.
Anterograde = “forward moving.”

Chapter 6: Memory (1 decks)

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