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Chapter 6: Memory > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

MEMORY

A

The persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

MEMORY PROCESSES

A

Remembering requires all 3
Forgetting may be caused by failure at any one of the 3 stages

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3
Q

Encoding

A

the processing of information into the memory system (get it into your mind before you can store)
Attention is critical

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4
Q

ENCODING: Semantic
Acoustic
Visual

A
  • encoding of meaning (meaning of a term); encoding of sound (mom’s voice); encoding of picture images (describing early childhood memory)
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5
Q

Storage

A

refers to moving the encoded information into a memory state and maintaining the information

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6
Q

Retrieval

A

refers to recovery of stored information from a memory store, and moving the information into consciousness
Ex: Middle name, wasn’t currently thinking; 10th birthday present, unless significant, won’t remember; depends

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7
Q

STAGE MODEL OF MEMORY

A

Contains 3 storage areas: sensory memory, working memory (or short term memory), and long term memory

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8
Q

SENSORY MEMORY

A

Holds information about a perceived stimulus for a few seconds after the stimulus disappears
Allows mental representation to stay in your mind for a few seconds for some further processing
Ex: Knowing and remembering to write down after teacher tells you something

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9
Q

SENSORY MEMORY: ICONIC STORE

A

Stores visual stimuli (icons - images that represent something)
Ex: Looking at an image, it disappears, then naming everything you remember in the image
Duration is ½ a second
Can hold 9-10 items

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10
Q

SENSORY MEMORY: ECHOIC STORE

A

Stores auditory stimuli (echoes)
Can hold 5 items (holds less than iconic)
Duration is 3-4 seconds (holds longer than iconic)
2 stores? One for speech (left) and nonspeech (right)

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11
Q

Working memory -

A

reasoning, language comprehension, solving problems; active memory; to accomplish tasks

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12
Q

Short-term memory -

A

probably a component of working emory, holds a small amount of information in consciousness for about 20 seconds unless you make an effort to keep it in your memory

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13
Q

Lunch Counter Analogy

A

Short-term memory
Limited amount of seats
Someone has to get up and leave before you can eat
New information coming in, bumps out old information

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14
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Trying to keep it in your head, repeating it in head
Short-term memory

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15
Q

Chunking

A

grouping individual items into meaningful units

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16
Q

Capacity of short term memory

A

= 7 items +/-2

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17
Q

BADDELEY’S WORKING MEMORY MODEL - Phonological loop

A
  • stores and rehearses speech information
    Ex: remembering phone number to put into contact after being told
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18
Q

BADDELYS WORKING MEMORY MODEL; Visuospatial sketchpad

A
  • stores and manipulates and spatial information
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19
Q

BADDELYS WORKING MEMORY MODEL; Central executive

A
  • governs shifts of attention
    Being able to shift attention from one task to another as needed
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20
Q

LONG-TERM MEMORY

A

Storehouse of everything from sensory and short-term memories
Ex: emotions, skills, categories, rules, judgements
Constitutes your total knowledge of the world and self (personality)

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21
Q

LTM: ENCODING AND STORAGE

A

During transfer of information (short to long)
Must be filed in appropriate place to store
Importance of organization → Easier access later

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22
Q

Role of sleep

A

During REM sleep, recent addition to LTM is reviewed, cataloged

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23
Q

Levels of processing theorY

A
  • the types of processing may influence memory
    The deeper the level you process the information, the more likely you are to get it in your memory
24
Q

Capacity of LTM

A

= N/A
Theorists suggest it’s infinite

25
Implicit Memory (nondeclarative memory)
memory without conscious recall (awareness) Procedural memory - motor skills, actions Affects your performance Ex: making list of your shower routine, have to take time to remember
26
Explicit memory (declarative memory) -
memory with conscious recall (awareness)
27
EXPLICIT MEMORY: Episodic Memory -
events you have experienced or episodes Ex: HS graduation
28
EXPLICIT MEMORY: Semantic memory -
general knowledge, facts, trivia, concepts Ex: not knowing when and where I learned the 1st US President, but you know it
29
LTM: RETRIEVAL -> recall
using a very general stimulus cue to search the contents of LTM Ex: free response question
30
LTM: RETRIEVAL -> recognition
process of matching a specific stimulus cue to an appropriate item in LTM Ex: multiple choice test
31
RETRIEVAL FAILURE --> Encoding specificity problems
- suggests recall is better if retrieval context resembles the encoding context Context effect Ex: Studying in specific location, should take test in that location;
32
RETRIEVAL FAILURE TIP OF THE TONGUE
feeling that a word or concept trying to remember is just barely out of reach/inaccessible, can’t quite retrieve it
33
autobiographical memory,
provides the basis for the development of an enduring sense of self.
34
FLASHBULB MEMORIES
The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate. Research Ex: 9/11 Memories function just as normal, everyday memories do. We remember flashbulb memories no more accurately than other memories. We remember some details, forget some details, and think we remember some details; high degree of confidence the person has in the accuracy of these memories. Confidence in a memory is no guarantee of accuracy.
35
FORGETTING
Can occur at any of the processes of memory - encoding, storage, or retrieval
36
Ebbinghaus’ Forgetting Curve
much of what we forget is lost relatively soon after we originally learned it. How quickly we forget material depends on several factors – how well the material was encoded in the first place, how meaningful the material was, and how often it was rehearsed; The amount of forgetting eventually levels with very little difference between how much Ebbinghaus forgot eight hours later and a month later. The information that is not quickly forgotten seems to be remarkably stable in memory over long periods of time.
37
Encoding Failure –
The inability to recall specific information because of insufficient encoding of the information for storage in long-term memory. Ex: What does a penny look like?
38
ENCODING FAILURE -- absentmindedness
don’t pay enough attention to a bit of information at the time when you should be encoding it Ex: which aisle you parked your car at the mall.
39
INTERFERENCE Proactive
Old memory blocks new memory Ex: accidentally call new boyfriend your ex’s name Ex: trying to unlock lock with old high school combination
40
Retroactive
New memory blocks old memory Ex: can’t remember old home address
41
IMPERFECT MEMORIES: SCHEMAS
Refers to a structured set of cognitions which organizes our knowledge about the social world
42
IMPERFECT MEMORIES: MISINFORMATION EFFECT
Refers to when your existing memories can be altered if you are exposed to misleading information Our memories are often reconstructive; our reconstructions of past events are heavily influenced by the way in which questions about those events are asked
43
IMPERFECT MEMORIES: SOURCE CONFUSION
a memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten
44
IMPERFECT MEMORIES: IMAGINATION INFLATION
A memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases confidence that the event actually occurred.
45
WHERE DO MEMORIES RESIDE?
engram
46
Hippocampus
encodes and transfers new explicit memories to long-term memory
47
Cerebellum
memories involving movement
48
Medial Temporal Lobe
(not visible) encodes complex memories by forming links among information in multiple brain regions
49
Amygdala
encodes emotional aspects of memories
50
Prefrontal cortex
memory involving the sequence of events, but not the events themselves
51
Emotion and stress may enhance memory retention Key factors:
the hormone adrenaline (fight or flight), the hippocampus (consolidating into LTM, and amygdala (emotional significance)
52
Memory consolidation
process of converting new long-term memories to stable long-term memories
53
What affects consolidation? Disrupt/Interfere
– brain trauma, concussion, drugs, alcohol
54
What affects consolidation? Enhance
adrenaline, amygdala
55
RETROGRADE AMNESIA
Retrograde = “backward moving.” Loss of memory, especially for episodic information of recent events.
56
ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
The loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories. Anterograde = “forward moving.”

Chapter 6: Memory (1 decks)

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