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Psy3051 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory

A

Memory is a change in the brain or mind following experience

Processes that retain, retrieve and use info after stimuli is no longer present

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2
Q

Activity-dependent memory

A

Short-term memory

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3
Q

Structural memory

A

Long term

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4
Q

Early theories of memory

A

19th century - William James

Distinguished primary and secondary memory

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5
Q

Primary memory

A

Things we are presently aware of

Current consciousness content

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6
Q

Secondary memory

A

Mental representations of distant past
Not in current consciousness
Must be bought back by retrieval process

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7
Q

Modal model of memory (basics)

A 
Atkinson and shiffrin (1968)
Computer as model for human cognition
Memory is an integrated system that processes info
Eg - encoding, storage, retrieval
components do not act in isolation
Memory has a limited capacity
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8
Q

Modal model of memory diagram

A

Input → sensory memory → STM → (encoding or retrieval) LTM

In STM there’s control processes - active processes that can be controlled by the person eg - rehearsal, imagery, attention

STM where output occurs

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9
Q

Sensory memory

A

‘Buffer’ that briefly holds all info from senses
Vast capacity and short timescale
Collects and holds info for initial processing which helps fill in the blanks

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10
Q

Iconic memory

A

Sensory memory for visual info
Helps explain persistence of vision illusion - New info blends with info already in iconic memory
Eg - sparklers trail of light

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11
Q

Capacity and duration of iconic memory

A

When told where to focus memory is better
Sterling (1960) - whole report all letters 37.5%, focused (partial) report 82.5%
Delayed partial (focused) worsens performance

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12
Q

Change blindness

A

An interruption erases iconic memory

Stops from registering differences in 2 scenes

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13
Q

Coordination of sensory processing

A

To bind info from senses we need to be able to remember it all together
Abc/12,13,14 - context from prefrontal cortex to processing areas of brain - info needs to be held in iconic memory

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14
Q

Short term memory

A

Stores small amount of info for short time
New info from senses and recalled info from LTM
Duration and capacity increased by control processes (rehersal)

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15
Q

Only had STM

A

Clive wearing - medial temporal lobes damaged
Still has STM and LTM for prior damage events
No longer encode new LTM

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16
Q

Duration of STM

A

When rehearsal is prevented STM has a duration of 15-20 seconds
3 Seconds interrupted recall 80%
18 seconds interrupted recall 10%

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17
Q

Capacity of STM

A

Digit span task - typically remember 5-9 items

Miller’s law of 7 +/- 2

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18
Q

Chunking

A

Collection of elements strongly associated with each other but weakly with other chunked items
Eg-phone number
People can improve chunking
Ericcson(1989) - trained college student from digit span of 7 to 79 after 230 1 hour sessions
Eg - chess pieces randomly positioned master and beginner performed same

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19
Q

Item complexity

A

Not all items are equal - some require more mental resources to hold in memory
Eg- highest-lowest capacity = coloured shapes, Chinese letters, random polygons, shaded cubes

20
Q

Auditory coding STM

A

More likely to make mistakes with similar sounding letters eg- T V P
Less likely to make mistakes based on visual similarity
Coding of info in STM is auditory

21
Q

Visual coding STM

A

Some STM coding must be visual as we can recall complex patterns difficult to verbalise

22
Q

Semantic coding STM

A

STM must involve some semantic coding and not just lower level features (visual and auditory)

Proactive inference - previously remembered items interfere with subsequent items = cannot be recalled accurately

Memory is released from proactive interference when items come from different categories
Eg professions for 3 trials then fruit for 1 = last and first remembered much better

23
Q

Working memory

A

Limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of info for complex tasks
Eg - comprehension, learning, reasoning

24
Q

STM and working memory distinction

A

Subtle but important
STM is onecomponent of working memory
STM holds info for brief period while working memory processes and manipulates info for complex cognition
Example: STM repeat digits, working memory repeat digits in reverse

25
Q

Limitations of modal model

A

1- seem to be multiple STM stores (verbal, visual, semantic)

2- doesn’t explain how info is manipulated during problem solving

26
Q

Baddeleys working memory model

A

Phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad are STM stores with different types info coding

The central executive coordinates and manipulates info from these stores eg focusing attention on relevant info

27
Q

Phonological loop

A

Specialised for verbal and auditory info
2 parts:
1- phonological store: where info is temporarily held
2- articulatory control process: ‘inner speech’ -has a fixed duration and constantly repeats info from store to prevent it disappearing

28
Q

Evidence for phonological loop

A

1: phonological similarity effect- letters/words most likely to be mistaken for similar sounding ones
2: articualtory suppression: repeating a seperate word aloud interrupts with working memory for verbal stimuli
3: word length effect: memory’s poorer for long words - long words take longer to rehearse so phonological loop gets to practice less in its fixed duration

29
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Stores visual and spatial info eg- maps, pictures, objects
Mental images
Evidence for mental imagery is from mental rotation studies (cube diagrams more rotation = longer reaction time)

30
Q

Distinct phonological and visuospatial memory stores

A

Brooks (1968) - participants memorised sentences in either store then mentally considered words and answered with either store.
Participates were slower when responses required same memory store as the stimulus uses to be memorised

31
Q

Central executive

A

Controls focus of attention (focus, switching, divided attention)
Controls suppression of irrelevant info
Also retrieves and manipulates info from stores
What makes working memory work

32
Q

Engrams

A

Memories are stored in cell assemblies called engrams
Re-activation of engrams by recall strengthens connections between cells = consolidation of memory
Nuerons that fire together wire together
Same cells can be used in many engrams

33
Q

Double dissociation

A

Different memory stores are described as dichotomies

Some people blind but not deaf show double dissociation between sight and vision = senses must be independent in brain

34
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories

35
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to access old memories

36
Q

Double dissociation: STM and LTM

A

Patient 1: temporal lobotomy = anterograde amnesia effects specific to declarative memory (explicit memory)

Patient 2: Damage parietal lobe = poor verbal STM, visospational STM intact (can read) and form LTMs

37
Q

Semantic memory

A

Holds info for facts
Eg- Brisbane is QLD biggest City
Type of explicit memory

38
Q

Episodic memory

A

Holds memories of experiences. Events
Eg - I remember when I was in Brisbane we travelled to the zoo
Type of explicit memory

39
Q

Double dissociation: episodic and semantic memory

A

Patient 1: medial temporal lobe and hippocampus damage = severe anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia for episodic memory but intact semantic memory

Patient 2: left temporal lobe damage = impaired semantic memory

40
Q

LTM and temporal lobe

A

LTM deficits = temporal lobe damage
Within temporal lobe hippocampus important for laying down new LTMs
Doesn’t mean memories stored in temporal lobe - more likely its crucial in retrieval
No single place for LTM storage

41
Q

Working memory and prefrontal cortex

A

Delayed response task and single neuron recordings in monkeys show that the prefrontal cortex is important for working memory

42
Q

Distributed representations

A

Like other memory types, working memory relies on distributed neural representations
Primary auditory cortex involved in auditory working memory - more activation in 2 back than 0 back (because requires working memory to manipulate in 2 back)

43
Q

Explicit and implicit memory

A

Explicit is declarative and conscious

Implicit is non-declarative and unconscious

44
Q

Where is explicit memory held

A

Medial temporal lobe

45
Q

Types of implicit memory.

A

Procedural memory - know cake recipe
Perceptual priming
Classical conditioning
Non-associative learning - habitation or sensitisation

Psy3051 (7 decks)

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