Memory Flashcards
Multi Store Model of Memory
What is the MSM ?
It is a linear sequential model, made up of three separate distinct stores, information can be lost at each stage and can be lost in each stage.
Multi Store Model of Memory
What is the research and findings for the MSM ?
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
Sensory store –> STM –> LTM
Info moved from STM to LTM through maintenance rehearsal
Multi Store Model of Memory
What are the key components of the long term memory store ?
Info moved from STM to LTM through maintenance rehearsal
Encoded: Semantically
Duration: Potentially infinite
Capacity: Possibly unlimited
When retrieving info from the LTM we need to retrieve it back to the STM
Multi Store Model of Memory
What are the key components of the Sensory Store ?
It is modality specific: Information is stored (encoded) in the same way which it entered.
If attention is focused on this information it will be transferred into the STM
Encoded: in format it was received
Capacity: Very Large
Duration: less than 1 sec
Multi Store Model of Memory
What are the key components of the Short Term Memory Store ?
Information will disappear (decay) if not rehearsed or if new information enters the STM and pushes out the original info (displacement).
Encoded: Acoustically
Capacity: 7 +/- 2
Duration: 18-30 sec
Multi Store Model of Memory
What are the stores which Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) propose ?
Iconic Store
Echoic Store
Haptic Store
Multi Store Model of Memory
What is the Ionic Store ?
Where visual images are kept for a short period (encoded visually)
Multi Store Model of Memory
What is the Echoic Store ?
Where auditory senses are kept for a short period (encoded acoustically)
Multi Store Model of Memory
What is the Haptic Store ?
Where sensory memory retains physical senses of touch and internal muscle tensions
Multi Store Model of Memory
What is the evaluation point for supportive evidence (case studies) ?
P -supported by case studies, like HM, inc validity
E -HM = severe epilepsy so had experimental surgery which removed parts of his hippocampi to relieve symptoms. Ability to form new LTM’s was impaired, e.g read same magazine repeatedly without remembering it, often performed well on tests of immediate digit span recall> STM
E- supports, two separate and independent memory stores, STM and LTM
L- Study of HM, evidence that it is possible to suffer damage to one of these stores with the other remaining n tact
Multi Store Model of Memory
What is the evaluation point for supportive evidence (brain scans) ?
P- evidence that the STM and LTM are two distinctive stores
E- Beardsley (1997), prefrontal cortex is active during STM e.g when making decisions, but not during LTM tasks. Squire (1992) hippocampus is active when the LTM is engaged
E- provides evidence, more than one store of memory as different parts of the brain are active during different tasks
L- empirical evidence, increase validity of theory
Multi Store Model of Memory
What is the evaluation point for limitation of the MSM (Too simplistic) ?
P- limitation, too simplistic, e.g MSM claims LTM is one unitary store
E- evidence from people suffering from amnesia shows this cannot be correct, HM able to create new episodic and semantic LTM’s able to learn new skills, e.g improving on the mirror drawing task which is procedural memory LTM
E- LTM is made up of more than one store
L- doesn’t offer a full explanation into the complexities of memory
Coding, Capacity, Duration
What is the research into duration of the STM ?
Peterson & Peterson (1959)
24 p’s showed consonant trigrams e.g CBA123
asked to count backwards 3 values down to prevent maintenance rehearsal
Recall the letters between a range of times between 3 10 18 secs
3 sec recalled right 80%
18 sec recalled right 2%
Coding, Capacity, Duration
What is the research into duration for the LTM ?
Bahrick (1975)
392 p’s who graduated between 15- 48 years
shown a photobook and then asked to perform a free recall task or a photo-recognition task
Photo-recognition after 48 years = 70%
Free name recall after 48 years= 30%
Coding, Capacity, Duration
What is the research into coding, both STM and LTM ?
Baddeley (1966)
created conditions which where acoustically/ semantically similar/ dissimilar
STM: imediate recall from P’s, couldn’t recall acoustically similar, could recall acoustically dissimilar
LTM: waited 20 mins until recall, couldn’t recall semantically similar, could recall semantically dissimilar
