memory Flashcards
Where are the stores?
”
Stores: (In both hemi-spheres of the hippothalmus.)
“
Describe MSM Drawing
” ”
What is the Sensory Memory Register?
”
The stimulus from the environment collected by our senses and is the first store. This is not stored in one single part of the brain. The two main stores = iconic memory(visual), echoic memory (auditory).
Everything lasts for a very short amount of time in this section - less than half a second. They also have a high storage capacity.
Much of this information does not enter the stored memory, only by concentration can you achieve this.
(decays if not payed attention to)
”
What is STM?
”
STM is known as a limited capacity store and contains only a limited number of items at once before forgetting.
7 items + or - 2 can be kept her ar once, though research points more closely to 5.
This information is recorded acoustically and deteriorates after 30 seconds if not revised.
(pushed out or decays before it can be passed on)
”
What is LTM?
”
This is the potentially permanent memory store that has been rehearsed for a long period of time.
This capacity is unlimited and could last many years
LTM tends to be coded semantically (interms of meaning)
When something is in the LTM we have to transfer it to the STM as an act of retrieval to remember.
”
What is Acessability and Availability?
”
(Acessibility - lose the connection to the memory)
(Availability - the memory itself is lost so cannot be recalled )
”
Supporting Reseacrh Evidence? (STM, LTM)
”
Supporting Research Evidence - This strength of the MSM is that research shows that the LTM and STM are qualitatively different. Baddeley found that we mix up words that sound similar when we are using our STMs but we mix up words with similar meanings when we use are LTMs. This clearly shows that STMs are acoustically stored while LTMs are semantically stored. Therefore both memory stores must be separate and independent.
”
What is the supporting Case Study?
”
Case Study - HM (Scoville and Milner) had his hippocampus removed and could from then on not remember anything from that point. Also Clive Wearing who for example, remembers his wife but now when he last saw her and how to play the piano however his memory is constantly being erased as he experiences new things. This supports this theory as it shows that the STM and LTM are seperate.
”
What is the Primary and Recency Effect?
”
Primary and Recency Effect - Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) came up with the Serial Positioning Curve used a list of 20 words with 2 conditions in which the p/pants learnt them. You could either learn the initial words and have the test straight away or have a 3 minute delay. Here they discovered the Recency and Primary effects where a p/pant will remember more at the start and the end of the list of words. However once the group performed after three minutes they only experienced a Primary effect as these were the only words that transferred to LTM.
”
How is A&S’s work a support for itself?
”
New Ideas - This is the first model that was created. This was not a perfect model but was an important initiator.
”
There is More than One Type of STM?
”
The MSM states that STM has only one type of short term memory. However studies looking into amnesia show this cannot be true. Shallice and Warrington (1970) found that a patients memory was bad with digits but better when he read the digits himself. This along with other studies showed that there may be another form of storage for non-verbal sounds. The unitary STM is a limitation of MSM because there must be more than one method of processing.
”
There is more than one form of Rehearsal?
”
In MSM theory the amount of time you spend rehearsing something the more likely it will go into your LTM. Craik and Watkins (1973) criticized this theory by saying that it is the type of rehearsal that matters. The two types of rehearsal they found include maintenance rehearsal is the original MSM type but does not transfer out of STM. Elaborative rehearsal is needed for LTM when you link it too existing knowledge or think about what it means.
”
Artificial Materials?
”
The studies that support MSM used none of the characteristics of everyday life and instead used digits words or numbers.
”
More than one Type of LTM?
”
There is evidence that LTM is not unitary just like STM. Semantic, episodic and procedural.
”
What was the problem that Baddeley and Hitch (1974+2000) tried to solve?
”
The problem - why can we deal with visual and auditory information at once but not multiple forms of the same type?
”
What is the Central Executive?
”
Central Executive - Auditory, visual and spatial information. This is an attentional process that looks at incoming data and then decides where it allocates the slave systems to different tasks. It has a low processing capacity.
”
What is the Phonological Loop?
”
Phonological loop - Auditory and preserves the order in which the information is received. It is further split into the phonological store (deals/holds the words you hear) and the articulatory process (allows for maintenance rehearsal and has the capacity for 2 seconds of speech).
”
What is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
”
Visuo - Spatial Sketchpad (VSS) - Visual and Spatial information is stored here and has a limited to compacity according to Baddeley(2003) of three to four objects at a time. Logie (1995) split the VSS into a visual cache (stores visual data) and a inner scribe (records the arrangement of objects in your visual field.
”
What is the episodic buffer?
”
Episodic Buffer (added by Baddeley in 2000) - Combined Auditory, Visual and Spatial is temporarily stored here and maintaining a sense of time sequencing. It is seen as the central component of the CE and has a capacity of four chunks (Baddedley 2012) while also linking the WWM to the LTM and wider cognitive processes such as perception.
”
What is the clinical evidence that supports this?
”
Clinical Evidence - This support comes from Shallice and Warrington(1970) with the case study of the patient KF who had poor STM after memory loss. In this case he had difficulty with sounds but could easily recall letters and numbers. This suggests that his phonological loop had been damaged but left the other areas of his STM in tact.
”
What is the dual task performance as a support?
”
Dual Task Performance - This supports the separate existence of VSS. They found that people found it harder to do two visual takes than a visual and auditory task at the same time. The increased difficulty is due to both visual tasks competing for the same slave- system whereas the other task did not have this competition.
”
What is the word length effect as a support?
”
Word lengths effect the phonological loop - Baddeley et al (1975) demonstrated that people find it more difficult to remember a longer list of long words rather than a short list of short words. This is called the word length effect. This is because there is a finite space for information of an articulatory process.
”
How do brain scan studies support this?
”
Brain scan studies support WMM - Braver et al (1977) gave p/pants tasks while they were having their brain scan that operated with the CE. They found activity in the left hemisphere of the prefrontal cortex. This activity became more concentrated when the task became harder. Evidence like this shows that there is a physical presence in the body of this system.
”
How is there a lack of clarity in the CE?
”
Lack of Clarity on CE - Cognitive Psychologist have said this is not a real explanation of everything. Baddeley himself recognized this stating that the CE is the store with the least known about it. Psychologists therefore think that the CE must be split up into multiple different parts and the WWM has not been fully explained.
”
How does the ‘how’ effect this?
”
Where not How? - The CE solves the problem of how different areas solve different problems in the STM - but this is a where not a ‘how’!
”
What do they also not explain the mechanisms of? (EB)
”
‘How’ again - Does not explain how the slave-systems work. All they have said is the where. - t
”
What are the 2 case studies that support this?
”
HM - Was unable to make new memories and yet could still grasp a concept or define an object (semantic). For example he could pet a dog and forget it half an hour later but still tell you what a dog is. This supports Tulving’s theory because it shows that there are separate stores in the LTM.
Clive Wearing - Unable to learn new music but could still read sheet music and play the piano with ease (procedural).
”
What is the issue with control variables? (case studies)
”
Control - There is a lack of control over many variables in the clinical studies of HM and Clive Wearing so cannot be perfect.
”
What are cues?
”
Cues - These ‘trigger’ information that enables us to access a memory. They can be internal or external.
”
What is the real life application? (Context)
”
Real-Life Applications - Baddeley stated that even though context does not seem to have a small effect it should still be payed attention. For example when eye witnesses go back to the crime screen it improves their recall.
”
Is context really such a strong effect?
”
Questioning Context Effects - Baddedley(1997) argues that context effects are actually not very strong and have to be very significantly different before the effect can be seen. This is a limitation for the theory as it means that real-life applications for retrieval failure don’t explain much about forgetting.
”
Teaugue et al (YOU STILL HAVENT DONE THIS!!)
””
What is the evidence for laboratory experiments?
”
Evidence for Laboratory Experiment- This is one of the most consistently demonstrated findings in the whole of psychology. There have been thousands of lab experiments and most of these show that retro and pro interference are common ways we forget things from the LTM. This is a strength because lab experiments have high control over extraneous variables, making this a valid conclusion for forgetting.
”
What makes this study have artificial materials?
”
Artificial Materials (construct validity) - There is a greater chance that interference will occur in a lab experiment than in real life. Most of the experiments used word lists and these, despite being more realistic than number lists or consonant syllables, are still far from the types of memories we forget in every-day life. This is a limitation of this study because the use of artificial tasks increases the chance for interference and therefore cannot be seen as an explanation for forgetting outside of the lab.
”
Yerkes and Dodson inverted U graph
multi store model diagram
LTM and STM graph
