Memory Flashcards
Encoding
transforms info into form that can be stored in memory
Storage
maintains info in memory across time
Retrieval
brings stored memory to mind
“Baker/baker” and “Farmer/farmer” paradox
easier to associate baker the profession than the name because we can easily picture a baker
Sensory memory (multi-store model)
- cognitive control; automatic response
- iconic, echoic and haptic
Iconic (sensory memory)
(fast decaying) store of visual info
Echoic (sensory memory)
(fast decaying) auditory info
Haptic (sensory memory)
touch stimuli
Short term memory (multi-store model)
chunking and working memory
Chunking (STM)
chunking numbers into groups
Working memory (STM)
- activate maintenance of info; 3 basic stores + 1 buffer
- central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad and multimodal episodic buffer
Central executive (working memory)
attention sensory store
Phonological loop (working memory)
auditory process (repeating # multiple times)
Visuospatial sketchpad (working memory)
stores visual (imagining images) and spatial info (judging distances)
Multimodal episodic buffer (working memory)
visual, spatial, verbal info and chronological ordering (remembering movie scene)
Long term memory (multi-store model)
capacity is immeasurably large
Prospective (LTM)
content to be remembered is in the past
Retrospective (LTM)
- content to be remembered is in the future
- non-declarative/implicit and declarative/explicit
Non-declarative/implicit (retrospective)
- not based on conscious recall of info
- procedural memory, conditioned reflex, emotional conditioning and priming
Procedural memory (non-declarative/implicit)
motor skills (rinding a bike)
Conditioned reflex (non-declarative/implicit)
classical and operant conditioning
Emotional conditioning (non-declarative/implicit)
phobia, nausea, anger, etc
Priming (non-declarative/implicit)
environmental cues that unconsciously play a role is one’s decision making
Declarative/explicit (retrospective)
- requires conscious recall
- semantic and episodic
Semantic (declarative/explicit)
principles and facts
Episodic (declarative/explicit)
specific particular context (time and place), personal memories; “firsts” in life
Types of memory
-recognition, recall, flashbulb and panoramic
Recognition (type of memory)
multiple-choice questions
Recall (type of memory)
essay questions (require to retrieve learned info)
Flashbulb (type of memory)
clear episodic memories of unique and highly emotional events
Panoramic (type of memory)
rapidly sees much or totality of their life in chronological sequence and detail, life “flashing before their eyes”
Physiology - hippocampus
- special learning and declarative memory
- retrograde amnesia (result from damage to hippocampus): loss of memory for event that occurred shortly before time of brain damage
Memory disorders
Not memory disorders
- repression, anterograde vs. retrograde and Ribot’s law
- eidetic memory, absentmindedness and tip-of-the-tongue
Repression (memory disorder)
dissociative amnesia (no recollection of being sexually abused as a child)
Anterograde vs. retrograde (memory disorder)
- anterograde: memory loss of events following an injury
- retrograde: memory loss of events that happened shortly before loss of consciousness
Ribot’s law (memory disorder)
- older memories somehow strengthen
- recent memories are more likely to be lost
Eidetic memory (NOT a memory disorder)
occurs in children, photographic memory
Absentmindedness (NOT a memory disorder)
encoding failure, memory failure due to lack of attention (remembering details on coin)
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (NOT a memory disorder)
temporary failure to retrieve a word from memory that one knows
- temporary retrieval failure: not enough retrieval cues to prompt remembering
- retrieval cues: mental reminders by forming vivid mental images or associating new info with others
Factors that influence memory
-levels of processing, serial position effect, doorway effect, decay (transience), interference and context
Levels of processing (factors that influence memory)
- visual (structure): recognition of patterns of letters
- acoustic (sound): sounds (rhyming)
- aemantic (concept): meaning (tool = instrument)
- emotional (personal connection): the deepest, likes and dislikes
Serial position effect (factors that influence memory)
- primacy effect: recall items at the beginning
- recency effect: recall items at the end
Doorway effect (factors that influence memory)
arriving somewhere and forgetting what you went there to do
Decay/transience (factors that influence memory)
memories that are not used get weaker with time
Interference (factors that influence memory)
- proactive: info stored before a memory blocks someone’s ability to remember
- retroactive: info stores after a memory blocks someone’s ability to remember
Context (factors that influence memory)
mood congruence effect; happy people remember happy memories, sad people remember sad memories
Memory as reconstruction
-misinformation effect (lotus) and imagination inflation
Misinformation effect (lotus) (memory as reconstruction)
false info received by subject after they’ve received correct info which can distort their understanding
Imagination inflation (memory as reconstruction)
had falsely claimed to see an item or done an action when it was only imagined
