Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

Changing information into a different form so it can be stored in the brain.

Question 2

Visual encoding

Answer 2

changing information by how it looks so it can be stored

Question 3

Acoustic encoding

Answer 3

changing information by how it sounds so it can be stored.

Question 4

Semantic encoding

Answer 4

changing information by what it means so it can be stored.

Question 5

Tactile encoding

Answer 5

memory of what things feel like to touch

Question 6

Olfactory encoding

Answer 6

memory of what things smell like.

Question 7

Storage

Answer 7

holding information in memory so it can be retrieved later

Question 8

retrieval

Answer 8

locating and bringing back information into mind.

Question 9

types of retrieval

Answer 9

Cued recall, recognition, free recall

Question 10

Cued recall

Answer 10

remembering information with a clue

Question 11

recognition

Answer 11

identifying from options

Question 12

free recall

Answer 12

remembering without cues

Question 13

episodic memory

Answer 13

memory of events from your life

Question 14

semantic memory

Answer 14

memory of what things mean (like an encyclopaedia)

Question 15

procedural memory

Answer 15

memory of how to do things

Question 16

non-declarative

Answer 16

procedural memory

Question 17

declarative

Answer 17

episodic and semantic

Question 18

Bartlett’s study aim

Answer 18

to see how memory is reconstructed when recalling an unfamiliar story.

Question 19

Bartlett’s study method

Answer 19

The War of the Ghosts story was read by one participant and recalled after 15 minutes, then read by another participant and so on.

Question 20

Bartlett’s study results

Answer 20

Participants changed the story to fit cultural expectations, leaving out unfamiliar information.

Question 21

Bartlett’s study conclusions

Answer 21

we use social situations to reconstruct memory.

Question 22

Bartlett’s study weaknesses

Answer 22

Lacks control, results were biased, story was unusual

Question 23

Theory of reconstructive memory

Answer 23

People rebuild memory as an active process

Question 24

Memory is inaccurate, explain

Answer 24

memory is not a process of exact reproduction of experiences.

Question 25

reconstruction

Answer 25

record pieces of information, recombine to tell the full story.

Question 26

effort after meaning

Answer 26

we focus on the meaning of events and make an effort afterwards to make sense of the fragments of memory.

Question 27

multi-store model

Answer 27

The idea that information passes through a series of memory stores.

three memory stores: different encoding, capacity and duration. Information moves through attention and verbal rehearsal.

Question 28

Sensory memory

Answer 28

very short duration, large capacity. Attention transfers information to STM.

Question 29

short term memory (STM)

Answer 29

limited duration of retaining information. Capacity, 5-9 items, acoustic coding.

Question 30

Long term memory (LTM)

Answer 30

semantic encoding, unlimited capacity and stored for up to a lifetime.

Question 31

Role of rehearsal

Answer 31

Rehearsal keeps information in STM. Repeat rehearsal transfers STM into LTM

Question 32

Primacy and recency effect

Answer 32

words at the beginning are remembered more (rehearsed, so in LTM)

Words at the end are remembered more (more recent, so STM)

Question 33

Murdock’s study aim

Answer 33

To see if memory of words is affected by the location of words on the list.

Question 34

Murdock’s study method

Answer 34

Participants listened to 20 word lists with 10-40 words in each list, recall the words after every list.

Question 35

Murdock’s study results

Answer 35

recall related to position of words. Higher recall of the first words (primacy effect) and last words (recency effect) than the middle.

Question 36

Murdock’s study conclusion

Answer 36

Shows the serial position effect and supports MSM stores

Question 37

Murdock’s study advantage

Answer 37

Controlled lab study, high level of control so it can be concluded that it was position of words that determined recall.

Question 38

Murdock’s study disadvantage

Answer 38

Artificial task, word lists only used one type of memory, so the study lacks validity.

Question 39

Godden and Baddeley’s study aim

Answer 39

to see if context improved recall

Question 40

Godden and Baddeley’s study method

Answer 40

Divers listened to and recalled words in the same or different settings on the beach and underwater.

Question 41

Godden and Baddeley’s study results

Answer 41

recall was highest in the same environment for learning and recall.

Question 42

Godden and Baddeley’s study conclusion

Answer 42

context of learning acts like a trigger or cue, improving the accuracy of memory.

Question 43

Godden and Baddeley’s study weaknesses

Answer 43

artificial task - recall was better when using more complex material.

Recall was short term - Unlike everyday life, they recalled the words almost immediately.