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memory Flashcards

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1
Q

what is memory?

A

The ability to store,retain and recall information

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2
Q

why is memory necessary?

A

to learn, have a sense of self, conversation and to have friends

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3
Q

Selective memory

A

memory is selective as there is to much information for any system to take in

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4
Q

who introduced the theory to process information?

A

Atkinson and Shiffin in 1971

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5
Q

what was the theory?

A

information processing theory is in 3 separate memory stores: sensory,short term and long term

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6
Q

sensory memory

A

has high capacity but low duration, information from the sense is held in sensory memory register (3 types)

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7
Q

echoic (sound)

A

lasts about 2 seconds

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8
Q

iconic (visual)

A

last about 0.3 seconds

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9
Q

haptic (touch)

A

lasts about 2 seconds

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10
Q

encoding

A

the process of converting the information coming into sensory memory into a form of suitable for storage in STM or LTM. if attention is paid to the information it will be stored

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11
Q

automatic encoding

A

information relating to your location in space and time is easily remembered eg. i remember where my bedroom is

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12
Q

effortful encoding

A

requires a conscious effort by concentration and mental effort. it will require rehearsal, writing down information or association with old information eg. knowing your class schedule for the day

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13
Q

storage

A

the process of retaining information in memory until it is needed

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14
Q

retrieval

A

the process of locating and recovering information from storage using recognition or recall

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15
Q

recognition

A

involve correctly identifying previously learned information from a list of possible alternatives

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16
Q

recall

A

requires remembering information with very few cues at all, recognition is easier than recall eg. extended response questionnaire

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17
Q

short term memory

A

often called working memory for mental arithmetic, recipes etc.

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18
Q

working memory

A

It holds new information in place so the brain can work with it briefly and connect it with other information

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19
Q

what does short term memory do?

A

receives and encodes new information from sensory memory and also receives information from the long term memory for temporary use

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20
Q

short term memory also…

A

holds all the information of which a person is consciously aware

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21
Q

encoded STM

A

information is transferred from sensory memory to the STM if attention to it occurs

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22
Q

effective recall time in STM

A

between 6 to 20 seconds

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23
Q

What did George miller do?

A

in 1956 introduced the magic number capacity of STM is 7+/- 2 bits of information

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24
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

the repetition of information in a rote way but not changing it. As there is no extra meaning added, the information is just maintained in STM and is less likely to be passed to LTM

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25
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

combining new and old information together to help storage and retrieval. It requires more effort and extra meaning is added to the information. More likely to be stored in LTM

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26
Q

what happens to new information?

A

new information can replace old if there is too much to remember

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27
Q

Chuncking of information

A

by grouping the items together allows form than 7 +/-2 bits of information to be remembered eg. abcdefghijklmno can be grouped as 5 items instead of 15 abcde fghij klmno

28
Q

Long term memory

A

stores large amounts of memory for a limitless amount of time. two types: procedural and declarative

29
Q

procedural memory (implicit or automatic)

A

how to carry out certain actions eg. how to make a cake

30
Q

declarative memory (explicit)

A

facts and events that can recall. it is divided into semantic and episodic

31
Q

semantic (LTM)

A

general and specific knowledge you accumulate through your life eg. 7 colours in a rainbow

32
Q

episodic

A

personal experiences eg. the time i sprained my ankle jumping down 14 steps in one jump

33
Q

how is information stored in LTM?

A

seems to be organised perhaps as clustered or associated information

34
Q

clustering

A

organising items into related groups during recall eg. animals such as monkey, giraffe and tiger

35
Q

association

A

some items are logically connected eg. black and blue, white and black, black hair

36
Q

what is semantic networks?

A

another way that information might be organised in LTM. It makes the info systematic and meaningful

37
Q

semantic networks

A

made up from nods that represent concepts. these nodes are joined by pathways that link to associated concepts

38
Q

Relationship between STM & LTM

A

many psychologists believe that STM and LTM are separate systems and that time is needed for information to pass from STM and LTM so that it can be consolidated in LTM, serial position effect and memories of brain damaged humans are evidence of this

39
Q

Serial position effect

A

items at the beginning of the list are remembered well (primacy effect where items have had time to be stored in LTM), as are the items at the end of the list (recency effect where items are stored in STM) items in the middle are least able to be recalled.

40
Q

brain damage and memory

A

people with brain damage tot he temporal lobe, particularly the hippocampus and amygdala have shown psychologists more about the association between STM and LTM

41
Q

eye witness testimony

A

often thought to be perfect memory but memory is inaccurate as it is a snapshot and is changeable

42
Q

factors decreasing the accuracy of eye witness testimony

A

witness,events,time,feedback,expectations, publicity about a case

43
Q

witness factors

A

fear,stress/chronic stress, age and gender

44
Q

event factors

A

lighting conditions, the duration of the event, speed and distance involved and the presence or absence of violence

45
Q

time

A

the longer the retention interval, the more likely the memory will be inaccurate as it will be changed by new information

46
Q

feedback

A

people who identify a suspect from a police line up or a group pf photos are far more confident of their choices when given feedback. They become less sure when given negative feedback

47
Q

expectations

A

studies have shown that it is essential for the interviewer to take the suspect out of the line up to see how accurate their memory is as they expect the suspect to be in the line up

48
Q

publicity about a case

A

can result in a photo biased identification as the people have seen a photo of the suspect in the media

49
Q

forgetting

A

the inability to retrieve information that has been stored in memory

50
Q

the forgetting curve

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus between 1850-1909 produced the forgetting curve which shows a large decrease in facts retained in the first 24 hours and a more gradual drop after that

51
Q

biological causes of forgetting

A

brain damage can be caused by a stroke, long term alcoholism, malnutrition, surgery. It can cause amnesia

52
Q

organic amnesia

A

memory loss or forgetting due to biological or physiological causes

53
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

cannot make new memories since the trigger event

54
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

cannot remember events in the past

55
Q

psychological causes of forgetting

A

person related factors such as failure of retrieval cues or memories interfering with other memories

56
Q

context dependent cues

A

sometimes the setting or environment in which the memory is formed is the cue to remember eg. now i am at my friends house, i can remember it happened here

57
Q

state dependent cues

A

the physical or psychological state that a person is in when a memory is formed may act as a state dependent cue. eg. now i am really sad, i can remember the last time i was sad

58
Q

motivated forgetting

A

a process where trauma/humiliating event is suppressed by placing a barrier on retrieval cues

59
Q

retroactive interference

A

cannot recall the old information because of interference by new information. eg. calling your ex-boyfriend by your new boyfriends name

60
Q

proactive interference

A

cannot recall the new information because of interference of the old information eg. recalling a new phone number but interfering with the old phone number

61
Q

what is use for improving memory?

A

mnemonic devices

62
Q

Rhymes

A

ends of lines sound the same

63
Q

acronyms

A

AFL,SACE

64
Q

acrostics

A

using the first letter of each word eg. never eat soggy weetbix

65
Q

narrative chaining

A

using the actual words o string a sentence together

66
Q

method of loci

A

the association of a place with an item to remember eg. school bell is a place where the characteristics of STM

psychology memory (1 decks)

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