Memorise (flame tests, litmus paper, indicators, etc.)

Question 1

Using what kind of experiments and tests can you use to identify the unknown cation, given that it is one of the three: Calcium, magnesium or barium?

Answer 1

Conduct a flame test.

An apple green flame produuced would indicate that the barium ion is present.

A brick red flame colour would indicate the prescence of calcium

Magnesium does not have any colour change in the flame

Question 2

Using what experiments and tests, can you identify the unknown anion in the sample, given that it is either chloride, hydroxide or acetate?

Answer 2

First, we need to distinguish whether the anion is acidic or basic. Therefore, conduct a litmus paper test, by dipping the litmus paper into the solution.

If the red litmus paper turns blue, then this indicates that the solution is a base/ has basic properties.

If the blue litmus paper turns red, then this indicates that the solution is an acid. (If a red litmus paper was used for both, then the paper would stay red, because it is acidic)

Therefore to differentiate between the bases hydroxide and acetate, react the solution with copper (II) nitrate. If a blue precipitate forms (copper hydroxide) then the hydroxide ion is present in the solution. If no precipitate forms, then it is the acetate anion.

Therefore, use an acid-base classificaiton test first, then a precipitation reaction to differentiate between the two possible bases.

Question 2

What colour is the precipitate:
Copper (II) Hydroxide?

Answer 2

Blue

Question 3

what is yield? What is the difference between concentration of products and yield?

Answer 3

Yield is the actual mass produced from a chemical reaction.

Yield focuses on the amount or mass of the product formed, while concentration refers to the amount of solute per unit volume of solution.

Theoretical yield will always be higher than actual yield due to a variety of factors such as incomplete reactions, impurities and reaction conditions, significantly affecting production.

For example, temperature can reduce yield, depending on the optimal value or the use of a catalyst

Question 4

Does a catalyst increase yield?

Answer 4

a catalyst can help achieve the theoretical yield more quickly and efficiently but does not increase the maximum possible yield itself.

Question 5

In case study questions and industry related flow charts, what are things to consider in the industrial process and productions?

Answer 5

Consider the availbaility of the reactions such as oxygen, which is plentiful in the air around us. Consider by-products and its uses in other industries, the moderation of temperature and use of catalyst for optimal reaction rates, which can increase efficiency of the industry and maximise profits. Consider the safety factors depending on the question and consider how the industry makes all this to maximise profits and icnrease efficiency.