Memooryyy

Question 1

What is the function of the Hippocampus?

Answer 1

Encodes episodic memories but does not store them.

Question 2

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

Answer 2

Encodes implicit procedural memories.

Question 3

What is the function of the Amygdala?

Answer 3

Encodes emotional memories including fear, disgust, anger, and excitement.

Question 4

What is the function of the Neocortex?

Answer 4

Stores our explicit memories.

Question 5

What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?

Answer 5

Encodes and stores our implicit memories (unconscious habits and behaviours).

Question 6

Define Classical Conditioning

Answer 6

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired.

Question 7

Define Operant Conditioning

Answer 7

A learning process whereby the consequences of behaviour determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future.

Question 8

Define Observational Learning

Answer 8

Involes the aquisition of information, skills or behaviour through watching the performance of others, either directly or indirectly via some form of media or other means.

Question 9

Define Learning

Answer 9

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience.

Question 10

What is an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?

Answer 10

Any stimulus that consistently produces a particular response.

Question 11

What is a Neutral Stimulus (NS)?

Answer 11

The name given to the stimulus before it becomes conditioned.

Question 12

What is an Unconditioned Response (UCR)?

Answer 12

A response which occurs automatically when the UCS is presented.

Question 13

What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?

Answer 13

The stimulus which is neutral at the start of conditioning.

Question 14

What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?

Answer 14

The behaviour which is identical to the UCR but is caused by the CS after conditioning.

Question 15

What occurs before conditioning?

Answer 15

The NS produces no response while the USC elicits the UCR.

Question 16

What occurs during conditioning?

Answer 16

The NS is repeatedly paired with the UCS to produce the UCR.

Question 17

What occurs after conditioning?

Answer 17

NS becomes a CS; CS produces a CR, which is usually similar to the previously UCR.

Question 18

What is an Antecedent?

Answer 18

A stimulus that occurs before the behaviour.

Question 19

What is a Behaviour (OC)?

Answer 19

The behaviour that occurs due to the antecedent.

Question 20

What is a Consequence?

Answer 20

The consequence to the behaviour.

Question 21

What is Reinforcement?

Answer 21

A process in which a stimulus strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that it follows.

Question 22

What is Punishment?

Answer 22

The process of delivering an unpleasant consequence following a response, or the removal of a pleasant consequence following a response.

Question 23

What is Positive Reinforcement?

Answer 23

Involves giving or applying a positive reinforcer after the desired response has been made.

Question 24

What is Negative Reinforcement?

Answer 24

Involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

Question 25

What is Positive Punishment?

Answer 25

Involves the presentation of a stimulus, thereby decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring again.

Question 26

What is Negative Punishment?

Answer 26

Involves the removal or loss of a stimulus and thereby decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring again.

Question 27

What does Attention (OL) involve?

Answer 27

Must pay attention in order to observe the modelled behaviour.

Question 27

What does Retention (OL) involve?

Answer 27

Mentally retain what has been observed.

Question 28

What does Reproduction (OL) involve?

Answer 28

Be capable of reproducing the behaviour.

Question 29

What does Motivation (OL) involve?

Answer 29

The desire to replicate a modelled behaviour influenced by expected rewards, observed consequences, and personal goals.

Question 30

What does Reinforcement (OL) involve?

Answer 30

The outcomes or feedback that increase the likelihood of repeating the observed behaviour which can be positive or negative.

Question 31

What is the Multimodal System (Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander)?

Answer 31

The use of storytelling, community links, learning maps, non-verbal, deconstruct-reconstruct, non-linear, symbols and images, and land links to convey knowledge.

Question 32

What is Country (Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander)?

Answer 32

Learning is deeply connected to the concept of 'country', which includes the land, sea, sky, and spiritual domains, vital source of knowledge and cultural identity.

Question 33

What is Relationship (Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander)?

Answer 33

Learning embedded in communal interactions and the passing of knowledge through Elders and community members.

Question 34

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-store Model of Memory?

Answer 34

Proposes that memory consists of three stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).

Question 35

What is the function of Sensory Memory?

Answer 35

Receives sensory information from the environment and enables perceptual continuity for the world around us.

Question 36

What is the function of Short-term Memory (STM)?

Answer 36

Receives information from sensory memory and transfers information to and from LTM, maintains information in conscious awareness for immediate use.

Question 37

What is the function of Long-term Memory (LTM)?

Answer 37

Information storage for re-access and use at a later time.

Question 38

What is the duration of Echoic Sensory Memory?

Answer 38

3-4 seconds

Question 39

What is the duration of Iconic Sensory Memory?

Answer 39

0.3 seconds

Question 40

What is the capacity of Sensory Memory?

Answer 40

Unlimited

Question 41

How is information in Sensory Memory forgotten?

Answer 41

It leaves our sensory register.

Question 42

What is the duration of Short-term Memory?

Answer 42

Approximately 30 seconds (longer with rehearsal)

Question 43

What is the capacity of Short-term Memory?

Answer 43

7+-2 (5-9 items at a time) (Very limited)

Question 44

How is information forgotten from Short-term Memory?

Answer 44

Decay and displacement.

Question 45

What is the duration of Long-term Memory?

Answer 45

Permanent - nothing is ever lost.

Question 46

What is the capacity of Long-term Memory?

Answer 46

Unlimited

Question 47

What is Explicit Memory?

Answer 47

Memory with awareness (episodic and semantic memories).

Question 48

What is Implicit Memory?

Answer 48

Memory without awareness (procedural and classically conditioned memory).

Question 49

What is Episodic Memory comprised of?

Answer 49

Personal experiences

Question 50

What is Semantic Memory comprised of?

Answer 50

Facts and knowledge

Question 51

What is Procedural Memory comprised of?

Answer 51

Skills for doing things

Question 52

What is Classically Conditioned Memory comprised of?

Answer 52

Conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli

Question 53

What does Encoding involve?

Answer 53

Involves converting information to a useable form.

Question 54

What does Storage involve?

Answer 54

Involves retaining information in memory.

Question 55

What does Retrieval involve?

Answer 55

Involves information being recovered from memory when needed.

Question 56

What is Alzheimer's Disease?

Answer 56

A neurodegenerative disease that is progressive and destroys memory and other important cognitive functions.

Question 57

What is Aphantasia?

Answer 57

A rare phenomenon where individuals are unable to see visual imagery; they cannot reproduce a visual image in their mind.

Question 58

What does Alzheimer's Disease reduce your ability to recall?

Answer 58

Autobiographical events - reduced ability to recall episodic memories.

Question 59

What does Aphantasia reduce your ability to recall?

Answer 59

Imagined futures - difficulty in imagining future events.

Question 60

What are Acronyms?

Answer 60

Pronounceable words formed from the first letters of a group of words.

Question 61

What are Acrostics?

Answer 61

Involve making verbal associations for items to be remembered by constructing sentences (or phrases) using the first letters of the information to be remembered.

Question 62

What is the Method of Loci?

Answer 62

Uses a well-learned sequence of locations (e.g. your house) as a series of retrieval cues for the information to be retrieved.

Question 63

What is a Songline and what does it involve?

Answer 63

A navigational route comprising a sequence of locations. Link information with a physical location.

Question 64

What are Mnemonics?

Answer 64

Any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval in the human memory, often by associating the information with something that is easier to remember.

Question 65

What is Consolidation?

Answer 65

The neurobiological process of making a newly formed memory stable and enduring following a learning experience.