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Memory > Memooryyy > Flashcards

Memooryyy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the Hippocampus?

A

Encodes episodic memories but does not store them.

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2
Q

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

A

Encodes implicit procedural memories.

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3
Q

What is the function of the Amygdala?

A

Encodes emotional memories including fear, disgust, anger, and excitement.

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4
Q

What is the function of the Neocortex?

A

Stores our explicit memories.

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5
Q

What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?

A

Encodes and stores our implicit memories (unconscious habits and behaviours).

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6
Q

Define Classical Conditioning

A

A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired.

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7
Q

Define Operant Conditioning

A

A learning process whereby the consequences of behaviour determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future.

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8
Q

Define Observational Learning

A

Involes the aquisition of information, skills or behaviour through watching the performance of others, either directly or indirectly via some form of media or other means.

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9
Q

Define Learning

A

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience.

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10
Q

What is an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?

A

Any stimulus that consistently produces a particular response.

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11
Q

What is a Neutral Stimulus (NS)?

A

The name given to the stimulus before it becomes conditioned.

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12
Q

What is an Unconditioned Response (UCR)?

A

A response which occurs automatically when the UCS is presented.

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13
Q

What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?

A

The stimulus which is neutral at the start of conditioning.

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14
Q

What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?

A

The behaviour which is identical to the UCR but is caused by the CS after conditioning.

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15
Q

What occurs before conditioning?

A

The NS produces no response while the USC elicits the UCR.

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16
Q

What occurs during conditioning?

A

The NS is repeatedly paired with the UCS to produce the UCR.

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17
Q

What occurs after conditioning?

A

NS becomes a CS; CS produces a CR, which is usually similar to the previously UCR.

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18
Q

What is an Antecedent?

A

A stimulus that occurs before the behaviour.

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19
Q

What is a Behaviour (OC)?

A

The behaviour that occurs due to the antecedent.

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20
Q

What is a Consequence?

A

The consequence to the behaviour.

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21
Q

What is Reinforcement?

A

A process in which a stimulus strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that it follows.

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22
Q

What is Punishment?

A

The process of delivering an unpleasant consequence following a response, or the removal of a pleasant consequence following a response.

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23
Q

What is Positive Reinforcement?

A

Involves giving or applying a positive reinforcer after the desired response has been made.

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24
Q

What is Negative Reinforcement?

A

Involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

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25
Q

What is Positive Punishment?

A

Involves the presentation of a stimulus, thereby decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring again.

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26
Q

What is Negative Punishment?

A

Involves the removal or loss of a stimulus and thereby decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring again.

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27
Q

What does Attention (OL) involve?

A

Must pay attention in order to observe the modelled behaviour.

27
Q

What does Retention (OL) involve?

A

Mentally retain what has been observed.

28
Q

What does Reproduction (OL) involve?

A

Be capable of reproducing the behaviour.

29
Q

What does Motivation (OL) involve?

A

The desire to replicate a modelled behaviour influenced by expected rewards, observed consequences, and personal goals.

30
Q

What does Reinforcement (OL) involve?

A

The outcomes or feedback that increase the likelihood of repeating the observed behaviour which can be positive or negative.

31
Q

What is the Multimodal System (Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander)?

A

The use of storytelling, community links, learning maps, non-verbal, deconstruct-reconstruct, non-linear, symbols and images, and land links to convey knowledge.

32
Q

What is Country (Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander)?

A

Learning is deeply connected to the concept of ‘country’, which includes the land, sea, sky, and spiritual domains, vital source of knowledge and cultural identity.

33
Q

What is Relationship (Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander)?

A

Learning embedded in communal interactions and the passing of knowledge through Elders and community members.

34
Q

What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-store Model of Memory?

A

Proposes that memory consists of three stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).

35
Q

What is the function of Sensory Memory?

A

Receives sensory information from the environment and enables perceptual continuity for the world around us.

36
Q

What is the function of Short-term Memory (STM)?

A

Receives information from sensory memory and transfers information to and from LTM, maintains information in conscious awareness for immediate use.

37
Q

What is the function of Long-term Memory (LTM)?

A

Information storage for re-access and use at a later time.

38
Q

What is the duration of Echoic Sensory Memory?

A

3-4 seconds

39
Q

What is the duration of Iconic Sensory Memory?

A

0.3 seconds

40
Q

What is the capacity of Sensory Memory?

A

Unlimited

41
Q

How is information in Sensory Memory forgotten?

A

It leaves our sensory register.

42
Q

What is the duration of Short-term Memory?

A

Approximately 30 seconds (longer with rehearsal)

43
Q

What is the capacity of Short-term Memory?

A

7+-2 (5-9 items at a time) (Very limited)

44
Q

How is information forgotten from Short-term Memory?

A

Decay and displacement.

45
Q

What is the duration of Long-term Memory?

A

Permanent - nothing is ever lost.

46
Q

What is the capacity of Long-term Memory?

A

Unlimited

47
Q

What is Explicit Memory?

A

Memory with awareness (episodic and semantic memories).

48
Q

What is Implicit Memory?

A

Memory without awareness (procedural and classically conditioned memory).

49
Q

What is Episodic Memory comprised of?

A

Personal experiences

50
Q

What is Semantic Memory comprised of?

A

Facts and knowledge

51
Q

What is Procedural Memory comprised of?

A

Skills for doing things

52
Q

What is Classically Conditioned Memory comprised of?

A

Conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli

53
Q

What does Encoding involve?

A

Involves converting information to a useable form.

54
Q

What does Storage involve?

A

Involves retaining information in memory.

55
Q

What does Retrieval involve?

A

Involves information being recovered from memory when needed.

56
Q

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

A neurodegenerative disease that is progressive and destroys memory and other important cognitive functions.

57
Q

What is Aphantasia?

A

A rare phenomenon where individuals are unable to see visual imagery; they cannot reproduce a visual image in their mind.

58
Q

What does Alzheimer’s Disease reduce your ability to recall?

A

Autobiographical events - reduced ability to recall episodic memories.

59
Q

What does Aphantasia reduce your ability to recall?

A

Imagined futures - difficulty in imagining future events.

60
Q

What are Acronyms?

A

Pronounceable words formed from the first letters of a group of words.

61
Q

What are Acrostics?

A

Involve making verbal associations for items to be remembered by constructing sentences (or phrases) using the first letters of the information to be remembered.

62
Q

What is the Method of Loci?

A

Uses a well-learned sequence of locations (e.g. your house) as a series of retrieval cues for the information to be retrieved.

63
Q

What is a Songline and what does it involve?

A

A navigational route comprising a sequence of locations.
Link information with a physical location.

64
Q

What are Mnemonics?

A

Any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval in the human memory, often by associating the information with something that is easier to remember.

65
Q

What is Consolidation?

A

The neurobiological process of making a newly formed memory stable and enduring following a learning experience.

Memory (9 decks)

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