Memooryyy Flashcards
What is the function of the Hippocampus?
Encodes episodic memories but does not store them.
What is the function of the Cerebellum?
Encodes implicit procedural memories.
What is the function of the Amygdala?
Encodes emotional memories including fear, disgust, anger, and excitement.
What is the function of the Neocortex?
Stores our explicit memories.
What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?
Encodes and stores our implicit memories (unconscious habits and behaviours).
Define Classical Conditioning
A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired.
Define Operant Conditioning
A learning process whereby the consequences of behaviour determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future.
Define Observational Learning
Involes the aquisition of information, skills or behaviour through watching the performance of others, either directly or indirectly via some form of media or other means.
Define Learning
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience.
What is an Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?
Any stimulus that consistently produces a particular response.
What is a Neutral Stimulus (NS)?
The name given to the stimulus before it becomes conditioned.
What is an Unconditioned Response (UCR)?
A response which occurs automatically when the UCS is presented.
What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?
The stimulus which is neutral at the start of conditioning.
What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?
The behaviour which is identical to the UCR but is caused by the CS after conditioning.
What occurs before conditioning?
The NS produces no response while the USC elicits the UCR.
What occurs during conditioning?
The NS is repeatedly paired with the UCS to produce the UCR.
What occurs after conditioning?
NS becomes a CS; CS produces a CR, which is usually similar to the previously UCR.
What is an Antecedent?
A stimulus that occurs before the behaviour.
What is a Behaviour (OC)?
The behaviour that occurs due to the antecedent.
What is a Consequence?
The consequence to the behaviour.
What is Reinforcement?
A process in which a stimulus strengthens or increases the frequency or likelihood of a response that it follows.
What is Punishment?
The process of delivering an unpleasant consequence following a response, or the removal of a pleasant consequence following a response.
What is Positive Reinforcement?
Involves giving or applying a positive reinforcer after the desired response has been made.
What is Negative Reinforcement?
Involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.
What is Positive Punishment?
Involves the presentation of a stimulus, thereby decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring again.
What is Negative Punishment?
Involves the removal or loss of a stimulus and thereby decreasing the likelihood of a response occurring again.
What does Attention (OL) involve?
Must pay attention in order to observe the modelled behaviour.
What does Retention (OL) involve?
Mentally retain what has been observed.
What does Reproduction (OL) involve?
Be capable of reproducing the behaviour.
What does Motivation (OL) involve?
The desire to replicate a modelled behaviour influenced by expected rewards, observed consequences, and personal goals.
What does Reinforcement (OL) involve?
The outcomes or feedback that increase the likelihood of repeating the observed behaviour which can be positive or negative.
What is the Multimodal System (Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander)?
The use of storytelling, community links, learning maps, non-verbal, deconstruct-reconstruct, non-linear, symbols and images, and land links to convey knowledge.
What is Country (Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander)?
Learning is deeply connected to the concept of ‘country’, which includes the land, sea, sky, and spiritual domains, vital source of knowledge and cultural identity.
What is Relationship (Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander)?
Learning embedded in communal interactions and the passing of knowledge through Elders and community members.
What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin Multi-store Model of Memory?
Proposes that memory consists of three stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).
What is the function of Sensory Memory?
Receives sensory information from the environment and enables perceptual continuity for the world around us.
What is the function of Short-term Memory (STM)?
Receives information from sensory memory and transfers information to and from LTM, maintains information in conscious awareness for immediate use.
What is the function of Long-term Memory (LTM)?
Information storage for re-access and use at a later time.
What is the duration of Echoic Sensory Memory?
3-4 seconds
What is the duration of Iconic Sensory Memory?
0.3 seconds
What is the capacity of Sensory Memory?
Unlimited
How is information in Sensory Memory forgotten?
It leaves our sensory register.
What is the duration of Short-term Memory?
Approximately 30 seconds (longer with rehearsal)
What is the capacity of Short-term Memory?
7+-2 (5-9 items at a time) (Very limited)
How is information forgotten from Short-term Memory?
Decay and displacement.
What is the duration of Long-term Memory?
Permanent - nothing is ever lost.
What is the capacity of Long-term Memory?
Unlimited
What is Explicit Memory?
Memory with awareness (episodic and semantic memories).
What is Implicit Memory?
Memory without awareness (procedural and classically conditioned memory).
What is Episodic Memory comprised of?
Personal experiences
What is Semantic Memory comprised of?
Facts and knowledge
What is Procedural Memory comprised of?
Skills for doing things
What is Classically Conditioned Memory comprised of?
Conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli
What does Encoding involve?
Involves converting information to a useable form.
What does Storage involve?
Involves retaining information in memory.
What does Retrieval involve?
Involves information being recovered from memory when needed.
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
A neurodegenerative disease that is progressive and destroys memory and other important cognitive functions.
What is Aphantasia?
A rare phenomenon where individuals are unable to see visual imagery; they cannot reproduce a visual image in their mind.
What does Alzheimer’s Disease reduce your ability to recall?
Autobiographical events - reduced ability to recall episodic memories.
What does Aphantasia reduce your ability to recall?
Imagined futures - difficulty in imagining future events.
What are Acronyms?
Pronounceable words formed from the first letters of a group of words.
What are Acrostics?
Involve making verbal associations for items to be remembered by constructing sentences (or phrases) using the first letters of the information to be remembered.
What is the Method of Loci?
Uses a well-learned sequence of locations (e.g. your house) as a series of retrieval cues for the information to be retrieved.
What is a Songline and what does it involve?
A navigational route comprising a sequence of locations.
Link information with a physical location.
What are Mnemonics?
Any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval in the human memory, often by associating the information with something that is easier to remember.
What is Consolidation?
The neurobiological process of making a newly formed memory stable and enduring following a learning experience.
