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Biology 1B > Membranes and Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Membranes and Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is atomic number?

A

The number of protons in an atom

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2
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

When atoms exchange electrons

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3
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

When atoms share electrons

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4
Q

Describe Van der Waals interactions.

A

These forces arise from locally induced dipoles between atoms in very close proximity.

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5
Q

What is Avogadro’s number?

A

6.02 x 10^23

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6
Q

What is the equation for pH?

A

pX = -log10 [X]

for X = H+

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7
Q

For any 1M of H20 how many molecules dissociate to form H3O and OH-

A

10,000,000

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8
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that suppresses changes in [X].

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9
Q

What substance acts as buffer in blood?

A

Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

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10
Q

What is the equation for carbonic acid reacting to acidic conditions in blood?

A

H+ + HCO3- –> H2CO3

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11
Q

What is the equation for carbonic acid reacting to alkaline conditions in blood?

A

H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3-

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12
Q

What is a hydroxyl group? Which compound is the functional group seen in? Example?

A

—OH
Alcohols
Ethanol, Propanol

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13
Q

What is a carbonyl group? Which compounds are the functional groups seen in? Example?

A

> C=O
Ketones if the carbonyl group is within, Aldehydes if the carbonyl group is on the end
Acetone, Propanol

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14
Q

What is carboxyl group?
Which compounds is the functional group seen in?
Example?

A

-COOH
Carboxylic acids
Acetic acid

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15
Q

What is an amino group?
Which compounds is the functional group seen in?
Example?

A

-NH2
Amines
Glycine

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16
Q

What is a sulfhydryl group?Which compounds is the functional group seen in?
Example?

A

-SH
Thiols
Ethanethiol

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17
Q

What is a phosphate group?Which compounds is the functional group seen in?
Example?

A

-OPO3(2-)
Organic phosphates
Glycerol phosphate

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18
Q

What are polymers?

A

Molecules built of repeated subunits.

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19
Q

What are the three structures in a phospholipid?

A

Fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate

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20
Q

What are amphipathic molecules?

A

Molecules which spontaneously form monolayers and bilayers in water.

21
Q

Which organelles in plants/animals are autonomous?

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria undergo independent division/replication.

22
Q

What are the three main important functions of membranes?

A

Protection (metabolic reactions against the environment)
Communication (exchanging materials between cell and environment)
Interaction (allow the cell to be recognised by the environment)

23
Q

What is the membrane permeable for?

A

Small hydrophobic molecules (O2)
Water (limited)
Ions (low permeability)
Large solutes like glucose (low permeability)

24
Q

What drives pumps across membranes?

A

The hydrolysis of ATP

25
Q

Describe ion channels

A

They are selective (have variable permeabilities for different ions), and are gated (open and close upon specific stimuli)

26
Q

What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?

A

No energy can be lost within the Universe

27
Q

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer increases the entropy of the Universe

28
Q

What is the equation for Gibbs free energy?

A 
△G = △H - T△S
△G = change of free energy 
△H = change in total energy (enthalpy)
T = temperature
△S = change in the disorder of the system (entropy)
29
Q

What is the rule for △G in order for a reaction to spontaneously work?

A

△G has to be negative.

30
Q

What is the meaning of exergonic and endergonic?

A

Exergonic: energy released

△G 0

31
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

The transfer of a phosphate group. ADP + Pi = ATP

32
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The movement of H+ down a proton gradient to allow the reaction of: ADP + Pi = ATP

33
Q

Describe chemiosmosis across a membrane.

A

The electron transport chain transfers H+ into the thylakoid space, forming a proton gradient. Protons move down this gradient through ATP synthase into the matrix of the stroma, which causes ADP + Pi = ATP.

34
Q

What are the four components of ATP synthase?

A

Stator, knob, rotor, rod

SKRR

35
Q

What is the function of the Stator in ATP synthase?

A

Holds rotor and knob in position

36
Q

What is the function of the Knob in ATP synthase?

A

Catalytic sites allow ADP + Pi = ATP

37
Q

What is the function of the Rotor in ATP synthase?

A

Spins clockwise when H+ ions flow past it

38
Q

What is the function of the Rod in ATP synthase?

A

Turns with the rotor and activates the rod

39
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

40
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, energy is released.

41
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

The formation of complex molecules from simple ones, energy is required.

42
Q

What are the three stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation

43
Q

Describe glycolysis.

A

Glucose (6C) is converted to 2 x pyruvate (3C).
NAD+ –> NADH + H+.
Net gain of 2ATP

44
Q

What happens to the pyruvate after glycolysis (where does it go)?

A

The pyruvate (3C) enters the matrix of the mitochondrion through a transport protein. The pyruvate is decarboxylated (CO2 removed), and NAD –> NADH + H+. This forms Acetyl, which is added to CoA to form Acetyl CoA (2C).

45
Q

Describe Kreb’s cycle.

A 
Acetyl CoA (2C) joins with a 4C molecule to form citric acid (6C). 
Decarboxylation occurs (5C).
NAD+ --> NADH + H+
Decarboxylation occurs (4C).
NAD+ + --> NADH + H+
ADP + Pi = ATP
FAD --> FADH2
NAD+ --> NADH + H+
46
Q

Where does the NADH and FADH2 go after Kreb’s cycle and glycolysis?

A

To the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

47
Q

What happens at the electron transport chain?

A

NADH + H+ –> NAD+
The H+ are being actively transported into the intermembrane space forming a proton gradient. The H+ diffuses through ATP synthase, and then binds with O2 to form H20.
ADP + Pi –> ATP

48
Q

What occurs when no O2 is present for respiration?

A

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate (fermentation).

49
Q

How many ATP does fermentation produce?

A

2ATP

Biology 1B (6 decks)

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