Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 1B > Membranes and Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Membranes and Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is atomic number?

A

The number of protons in an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

When atoms exchange electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

When atoms share electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe Van der Waals interactions.

A

These forces arise from locally induced dipoles between atoms in very close proximity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Avogadro’s number?

A

6.02 x 10^23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the equation for pH?

A

pX = -log10 [X]

for X = H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

For any 1M of H20 how many molecules dissociate to form H3O and OH-

A

10,000,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that suppresses changes in [X].

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What substance acts as buffer in blood?

A

Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the equation for carbonic acid reacting to acidic conditions in blood?

A

H+ + HCO3- –> H2CO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the equation for carbonic acid reacting to alkaline conditions in blood?

A

H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a hydroxyl group? Which compound is the functional group seen in? Example?

A

—OH
Alcohols
Ethanol, Propanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a carbonyl group? Which compounds are the functional groups seen in? Example?

A

> C=O
Ketones if the carbonyl group is within, Aldehydes if the carbonyl group is on the end
Acetone, Propanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is carboxyl group?
Which compounds is the functional group seen in?
Example?

A

-COOH
Carboxylic acids
Acetic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an amino group?
Which compounds is the functional group seen in?
Example?

A

-NH2
Amines
Glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a sulfhydryl group?Which compounds is the functional group seen in?
Example?

A

-SH
Thiols
Ethanethiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a phosphate group?Which compounds is the functional group seen in?
Example?

A

-OPO3(2-)
Organic phosphates
Glycerol phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are polymers?

A

Molecules built of repeated subunits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three structures in a phospholipid?

A

Fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are amphipathic molecules?

A

Molecules which spontaneously form monolayers and bilayers in water.

21
Q

Which organelles in plants/animals are autonomous?

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria undergo independent division/replication.

22
Q

What are the three main important functions of membranes?

A

Protection (metabolic reactions against the environment)
Communication (exchanging materials between cell and environment)
Interaction (allow the cell to be recognised by the environment)

23
Q

What is the membrane permeable for?

A

Small hydrophobic molecules (O2)
Water (limited)
Ions (low permeability)
Large solutes like glucose (low permeability)

24
Q

What drives pumps across membranes?

A

The hydrolysis of ATP

25
Describe ion channels
They are selective (have variable permeabilities for different ions), and are gated (open and close upon specific stimuli)
26
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
No energy can be lost within the Universe
27
What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
Every energy transfer increases the entropy of the Universe
28
What is the equation for Gibbs free energy?
``` △G = △H - T△S △G = change of free energy △H = change in total energy (enthalpy) T = temperature △S = change in the disorder of the system (entropy) ```
29
What is the rule for △G in order for a reaction to spontaneously work?
△G has to be negative.
30
What is the meaning of exergonic and endergonic?
Exergonic: energy released | △G 0
31
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
The transfer of a phosphate group. ADP + Pi = ATP
32
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
The movement of H+ down a proton gradient to allow the reaction of: ADP + Pi = ATP
33
Describe chemiosmosis across a membrane.
The electron transport chain transfers H+ into the thylakoid space, forming a proton gradient. Protons move down this gradient through ATP synthase into the matrix of the stroma, which causes ADP + Pi = ATP.
34
What are the four components of ATP synthase?
Stator, knob, rotor, rod | SKRR
35
What is the function of the Stator in ATP synthase?
Holds rotor and knob in position
36
What is the function of the Knob in ATP synthase?
Catalytic sites allow ADP + Pi = ATP
37
What is the function of the Rotor in ATP synthase?
Spins clockwise when H+ ions flow past it
38
What is the function of the Rod in ATP synthase?
Turns with the rotor and activates the rod
39
What is metabolism?
The totality of an organism's chemical reactions
40
What is a catabolic pathway?
The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, energy is released.
41
What is an anabolic pathway?
The formation of complex molecules from simple ones, energy is required.
42
What are the three stages of respiration?
Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation
43
Describe glycolysis.
Glucose (6C) is converted to 2 x pyruvate (3C). NAD+ --> NADH + H+. Net gain of 2ATP
44
What happens to the pyruvate after glycolysis (where does it go)?
The pyruvate (3C) enters the matrix of the mitochondrion through a transport protein. The pyruvate is decarboxylated (CO2 removed), and NAD --> NADH + H+. This forms Acetyl, which is added to CoA to form Acetyl CoA (2C).
45
Describe Kreb's cycle.
``` Acetyl CoA (2C) joins with a 4C molecule to form citric acid (6C). Decarboxylation occurs (5C). NAD+ --> NADH + H+ Decarboxylation occurs (4C). NAD+ + --> NADH + H+ ADP + Pi = ATP FAD --> FADH2 NAD+ --> NADH + H+ ```
46
Where does the NADH and FADH2 go after Kreb's cycle and glycolysis?
To the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane.
47
What happens at the electron transport chain?
NADH + H+ --> NAD+ The H+ are being actively transported into the intermembrane space forming a proton gradient. The H+ diffuses through ATP synthase, and then binds with O2 to form H20. ADP + Pi --> ATP
48
What occurs when no O2 is present for respiration?
Pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate (fermentation).
49
How many ATP does fermentation produce?
2ATP

Biology 1B (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions