Meiosis & Mitosis Flashcards
Hybrid (vocab)
Offspring resulting from the cross of two genetically different parents.
Gene
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein or trait.
Allele
Different forms of a gene (e.g., dominant or recessive).
Segregation
The separation of alleles during gamete formation.
Gamete
Sex cells (sperm and eggs).
Homozygous
Two identical alleles for a trait (e.x. AA or aa).
Heterozygous
Two different alleles for a trait (e.x.Aa)
Dominant
Allele that shows its effect even if only one copy is present(e.g., A)
Recessive
Allele that only shows its effect when both copies are the same (e.g., aa).
Phenotype
The physical appearance or trait (e.g., brown eyes).
Genotype
The genetic makeup (e.g., AA, Aa, or aa).
Homologous
Chromosomes that have the same structure and genes, one from each parent.
Diploid
Cells with two sets of chromosomes
Haploid
Cells with one set of chromosomes
Tetrad
Pair of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
Crossing-over
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
Principle of Dominance
Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles.
Principle of Segregation
Alleles for a trait that separate during gamete formation, so each gamete carries only one allele from each gene.
Principle of Independent Assortment
Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other.
Monohybrid Cross
Involves one trait. Example: Crossing Aa x Aa to predict offspring ratios.
Dihybrid Cross
Involves two traits. Example: Crossing two individuals heterozygous for both traits (e.g., AaBb x AaBb) to predict offspring.
Incomplete Dominance
The heterozygous phenotype is a blend of both alleles (e.g., red + white = pink flowers).
Codominance
Both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype (e.g., AB blood type).
Multiple Alleles
More than two alleles for a gene
