Meiosis and Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
- Which of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome of 2n = 16?
a. Species is diploid with 32 chromosomes per cell
b. Species has 16 sets of chromosomes per cell
c. Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes
d. A gamete from this species has four chromosomes
c. Each diploid cell has eight homologous pairs of chromosomes
- What are the differences in purpose between meiosis and mitosis?
Mitosis focuses on growth and repairing damaged cells and produces 2 identical diploid cells, meiosis is a reduction division that generates haploid gametes, facilitating sexual reproduction and contributing to genetic diversity, produces 4 diverse haploid daughter cells
- Why is the chromosome number reduced by half during meiosis?
it reduces the number of chromosomes to half the normal number so that, when fusion of sperm and egg occurs, baby will have the correct number.
so the resulting zygote has the correct diploid chromosome number, maintaining the species-specific chromosome count and facilitating genetic diversity.
- Why is it important for both sperm and egg to have the haploid number of chromosomes?
when the sperm and the egg fuse together the cell will have 46 chromosomes
- Name of organ that produces gametes in males ________ in females ________.
testes, ovary
- Name of process that produces gametes in males ___________ in females ____________.
spermatogenesis, oogenesis
- What are chromosomes that look alike and carry genes for the same traits called?
Homologous chromosomes
- During what phase does crossing-over occur?
PROPHASE 1
- During what phase do homologues separate?
ANAPHASE 1
- If a parent cell has 48 chromosomes, how many does each daughter cell have at the end of meiosis II?
24 chromosomes
- What would occur in humans if meiosis produced diploid gametes?
would have a double (2n) chromosome number, leading to an abnormal and potentially nonviable condition known as triploidy. This condition can disrupt normal development and result in various health issues.
- Something goes wrong during meiosis in a male and the four daughter sperm cells that are produced all have the wrong amount of chromosomes. Two of the sperm have one extra chromosome and the other two have one missing chromosome. At what step did the problem most likely occur, and what was it?
Anaphase 1-nondijunction
- What type of enzyme is myosin?
molecular motor protein
- What makes up the axial skeleton?
- Skull:
Cranium: The skull’s upper part that encloses and protects the brain.
Mandible: The lower jawbone.
- Vertebral Column (Spine or Backbone):
Cervical Vertebrae: The vertebrae of the neck region (C1 to C7).
Thoracic Vertebrae: The vertebrae of the upper and mid-back region (T1 to T12).
Lumbar Vertebrae: The vertebrae of the lower back (L1 to L5).
Sacrum: A triangular bone formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae.
Coccyx: The tailbone, formed by the fusion of four coccygeal vertebrae.
- Ribs and Sternum (Breastbone):
- What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
the bones of the upper limbs, or arms, and the lower limbs, or legs.
- Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle:
Clavicle (Collarbone): A slender bone that connects the sternum to the scapula.
Scapula (Shoulder Blade): A flat, triangular bone that forms part of the shoulder joint.
- Upper Limbs:
Humerus: The bone of the upper arm.
Radius and Ulna: The bones of the forearm.
Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges: The bones of the hand, including the wrist, palm, and fingers.
- Pelvic (Hip) Girdle:
Coxal (Hip) Bones: Each hip bone is composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis, which fuse together.
- Lower Limbs:
Femur: The bone of the thigh.
Patella (Kneecap): A small, flat, triangular bone located in front of the knee joint.
Tibia and Fibula: The bones of the lower leg.
Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges: The bones of the foot, including the ankle, instep, and toes.
- _______________ IS A MOVEMENT OF A LIMB AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE OR MEDIAN PLANE OF THE BODY
Abduction
- ____________ IS A LATERAL TURNING OF THE SOLE OF THE FOOT
Eversion
- The muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover is called the _____________.
antagonist
- Describe the functions of the skeletal system.
Support: The skeletal system provides a structural framework that supports the body’s tissues and organs, maintaining the body’s shape and preventing it from collapsing.
Protection: Bones act as a protective shield for delicate internal organs. For example, the skull protects the brain, and the ribcage safeguards the heart and lungs.
Movement: Bones, in collaboration with muscles, facilitate movement. Muscles attach to bones, and when muscles contract, they pull on the bones, allowing for various types of movements.
- Describe how bones are classified by shape.
Bones can be classified according to their shapes. Long bones, such as the femur, are longer than they are wide. Short bones, such as the carpals, are approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. Flat bones are thin, but are often curved, such as the ribs
- Describe the gross structure of long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones.
Long Bones:
Structure: Long bones are characterized by a shaft or diaphysis, which is cylindrical and elongated, and two expanded ends called epiphyses. The diaphysis and epiphyses are separated by the metaphysis.
Examples: Femur, humerus, radius, and ulna.
Short Bones:
Structure: Short bones are roughly cube-shaped and contain a spongy (cancellous) interior covered by a thin layer of compact bone.
Examples: Carpals (wrist bones) and tarsals (ankle bones).
Flat Bones:
Structure: Flat bones are thin, flattened, and often curved. They consist of two layers of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone in between.
Examples: Skull bones (parietal, frontal, occipital), sternum, scapulae.
Irregular Bones:
Structure: Irregular bones have complex shapes that do not fit into the other categories. They consist of varying amounts of compact and spongy bone.
Examples: Vertebrae, facial bones (such as the mandible), hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis).
Sesamoid Bones:
Structure: Sesamoid bones are small, rounded bones embedded within tendons or joint capsules. They often develop in response to stress or friction.
Examples: Patella (kneecap) is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body. Sesamoid bones can also be found in the hands and feet
- Predict the effect that a parathyroid hormone-secreting tumor would have on bone tissue. What would happen to the concentration of calcium ions in the blood with such a condition?
lead to increased bone resorption and elevated levels of calcium ions in the blood.
- Explain the differences between red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow.
The primary function of red bone marrow is hematopoiesis, the process of forming blood cells. It is responsible for generating the majority of the body’s blood cells throughout life.
The main function of yellow bone marrow is to store energy in the form of fat. It also acts as a reserve for potential future conversion back to red bone marrow in response to increased demand for blood cell production.
- What bones make up the upper limb?
The clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna and hand bones.
