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Em CVS Revisin > MEH Revision > Flashcards

MEH Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are the uses of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Produces C5 ribose used for DNA synthesis

Produces NADPH - important for re-oxidising glutathione- an important protective mechanism

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2
Q

What are Heinz Bodies and why are they formed?

A

They are Hb + other protein aggregates that form because they become cross-linked by disulphide bonds from oxidative damage.

It causes premature destruction of RBCs and hemolysis –> hemolytic anaemia

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3
Q

What are the excitatory neurones in the hypothalamus that stimulate appetite?

A

NPY (neuropeptide Y)

agouti-related peptide AgRP

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4
Q

What can POMC be cleaved into?

A

B-endorphin
Alpha-MSH
ACTH
*why people with addisons skin goes darker, producing more POMC to try and get more ACTH)

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5
Q

What does gherlin do?

A

It is released from the wall of an empty stomach
Activates stimulatory neurones in the arcuate nucleus - increase appetite
Stretch of the stomach wall inhibits gherlin release

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6
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Leptin is released from adipocytes and causes inhibition of excitatory neurones - stimulates inhibitory neurones

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7
Q

What is the link between leptin and obesity?

A

It is thought that obese people don’t feed back and stimulate inhibition

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8
Q

What are the WHO criteria for metabolic syndrome?

A 
Central obesity
BMI >30kg/m2
Blood pressure >140/90 mmHg
Triglyerides > 1.7 mmol/L
HDL cholesterol <0.9 mmol/L 
Glucose fasting / 2 hour after glucose load > 7.8 mmol/L
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9
Q

What are the major factors contributing to insulin resistance?

A

Sedentary lifestyle

Obesity

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10
Q

Where in the hypothalamus is the control of appetite?

A

Arcuate nucleus

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11
Q

Where is thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TSH) released from in the hypothalamus?

A

The dorsomedial nucleus - this is influenced by levels of T3 and T4 (negative feedback)

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12
Q

What is the name of the hormone that is released in the hypothalamus and acts on the anterior pituitary to release thyroid hormone?

A

TRH - thyrotrophin releasing hormone

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13
Q

What does TRH (thyrotrophin releasing hormone do)

A

Causes an increase in thyroid stimulating hormone

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14
Q

Where does TSH travel to to have an effect

A

The follicular cells

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15
Q

What does trophic effect mean?

A

Trophic hormone is a hormone that has a growth effect, hyperplasia or hypertrophy on the tissue it is stimulating.

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16
Q

What are the trophic effects of TSH on the thyroid?

A

Increased vascularity
Increase in size/number of follicle cells
Therefore an lead to enlarged goitre - may be overactive or under active

17
Q

What are the effects of T3/T4 on the body?

A

Increase metabolic rate:
Increased glucose uptake and metabolism
Stimulise mobilisation and oxidation of fatty acids
Stimulate protein metabolism

18
Q

Are the effects of T3/T4 catabolic or anabolic?

A

Catabolic - increased BMR, increased heat production (UCPs), increased O2 consumption

19
Q

Where do T3 and T4 act?

A

Within the cell

Interacting with high affinity receptors in the nucleus (and possibly mitochondria)

20
Q

What is hashimotos disease?

A

Auto-immune disease

Affecting 1% of population

21
Q

What do you treat hyperthyroidism with?

A

Carbimazole - stops the iodine attaching onto thyrglobulin

22
Q

What are the major components of hydroxyapatite crystals?

A

Calcium

Phosphate

23
Q

Where would you find hydroxyapatite crystals?

A

In the mineral in bone

24
Q

What regulates calcium turnover?

A

parathyroid hormone, calcitriol and to a lesser extent calcitonin

25
Q

Where do the hormones regulating calcium (PTH, calcitriol and calcitonin) act?

A

GI tract, kidneys and bone

26
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D called?

A

Calcitriol

27
Q

What is the hormonal regulation of calcium?

A

Calcium binds to the G protein coupled receptor on the PTH

This causes phospholipase C which causes inhibition of adenylyl cyclase which leads to reduced cAMP

and therefore reduced PTH release

28
Q

What does the anterior pituitary produce?

A 
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) 
ACTH 
Growth hormone 
LH and FSH
Prolactin
29
Q

When is cortisol released?

A

In response to physical (temperature/pain), chemical (hypoglycaemia) and emotional stressors

30
Q

What are the catecholamines synthesised from?

A

A series of enzyme catalysed steps that convert Tyrosine to Dopa and then Dopamine. Dopamine is then converted to noradrenaline and noradrenaline to adrenaline by methylation.

Tyrosine –> dopa –> dopamine –> Noradrenaline –> adrenaline

31
Q

What is produced in the adrenal cortex? (Think salt sugar sex)

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens

32
Q

What is produced in the adrenal medulla?

A

Catecholamines e.g. Adrenaline and noradrenaline

33
Q

What would cause over-secretion of catecholamines?

A

An adrenal tumour e.g. Phaeochromocytoma

Em CVS Revisin (5 decks)

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