megacities

Question 1

what is a megacity?

Answer 1

a city with a population of at least 10 million people

Question 2

why has mumbai grown?
(general reasons for urbanisation)

Answer 2

1. rural-urban migration
   - people moving from rural areas to the city
2. natural increase
   - migrants starting families when they settle

Question 3

why has mumbai grown?
(more specific push + pull factors causing people to move to mumbai)

Answer 3

push factors (from rural areas):
- not many jobs
- many people live in permanent poverty
- not many opportunities to improve their lives
pull factors (to mumbai):
- more jobs
- better education facilities
- higher incomes

Question 4

what is top-down development?

Answer 4

projects imposed on people in the city by the government. usually big, expensive infrastructure projects.

Question 5

what is bottom-up development?

Answer 5

organisations (normally ngo’s) working with locals to come up with community-based solutions to quality of life challenges.

Question 6

what is sustainable development?

Answer 6

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Question 7

opportunities for people in mumbai: 3 employment types

Answer 7

1. manufacturing
2. service sector (high pay)
3. service sector (low pay)

Question 8

opportunities for people in mumbai: 3 things you cannot do in rural areas

Answer 8

1. cotton manufacturing
2. car production
3. making consumer products

Question 9

2 challenges for people living in mumbai (+ 4 facts)

Answer 9

1. water supply
   - instead of water pipes there are standpipes used by multiple families
   - limited access times in the slum with 1 million people (from 5:30am for ~2 hours)
   - same water used for washing clothes as toilets
   - 77% of households in dharavi receive contaminated water
2. waste
   - all the waste ends up back in the main channels, meaning people use/drink dirty water
   - 500+ people share one public latrine in dharavi
   - waste in water supplies can cause water-borne diseases
   - no proper waste disposal systems means garbage piling up on the streets

Question 10

migrants relationship with formal and informal employment - types of jobs they end up getting + why

Answer 10

1. informal (most common)
   - low-skill/pay
   - no formal qualifications
   - employers prefer informal workers for lower wages + legal obligations
2. formal (uncommon)
   - higher education
   - professional skills
   - need to meet legal requirements (ID, work permits)

Question 11

case study - top-down schemes to improve dharavi

Answer 11

vision mumbai:
- added 30 new public toilets
- 325 polluted green spaces restored
- 72 new trains introduced by 2015
- air quality index (aqi) introduced in 2015 to monitor pollution
is it sustainable?
-no - displaced slum dwellers + harmed the environment for rapid urban development

Question 12

case study - bottom-up schemes to improve dharavi

Answer 12

hamara foundation:
- reduces child labour
- helps provide education to street children
amil:
- creates jobs in waste management
- focuses on recycling + sustainable waste disposal
is it sustainable?
- yes - involve communities, improve living conditions + use eco-friendly solutions