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medulla Flashcards

1
Q

medulla provides attachment to which cranial nerves

A

glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal

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2
Q

what does the upper part of the medulla form

A

the caudal part of the floor of the fourth ventricle

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3
Q

what does the lower half of the medulla form

A

The lower half of the medulla is closed and contains the central canal which below
becomes continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and above opens into
the fourth ventricle

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4
Q

how is the medulla separated from the cerebellum

A

dorsally by the cavity of the fourth ventricle

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5
Q

what is the medulla divided by

A

anterior median fissure

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6
Q

what sulcus in the medulla gives attachment to hypoglossal nerve rootlets

A

Anterolateral sulcus

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7
Q

what sulcus gives attachment to glossopharyngeal, vagus & cranial part of accessory nerve

A

Posterolateral sulcus

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8
Q

in the anterior area of the M.O. what is the pyramid produced by

A

produced by the
underlying corticospinal,
corticobulbar and Corticopontine fibres

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9
Q

what covers the ventral
surface of pyramid

A

Arcuate nuclei

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10
Q

the Lateral area between the anterolateral
sulcus and posterolateral sulcus is continuous with what

A

lateral funiculus of the spinal cord

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11
Q

what is the olive

A

is an elevation produced by
the underlying inferior olivary
nucleus

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11
Q

what tracts are present in the lateral area

A

It is occupied by ventral spino-
cerebellar tract, dorsal spino-
cerebellar tract, lateral spino-
thalamic tract (spinal lemniscus), spino-olivary and olivo-spinal tracts

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12
Q

where does the facial nerve emerge

A

between the olive and pons

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13
Q

what forms the floor of
the fourth ventricle

A

Supero-medial zone of the posterior area

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14
Q

what is the Tuberculum cinereum produced by

A

the underlying spinal
nucleus and spinal tract of trigeminal nerve

  • The spinal nucleus of trigeminal below extends up to second c2 beyond which it becomes continuous with substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
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15
Q

what is the function of the corticospinal tract

A

concerned with the
skilful, voluntary movements

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16
Q

what area does the corticospinal tract originate from

A

Takes origin from areas 4,6,312

17
Q

what is the path of the corticospinal tract

A

Axons from these neurons
descend the corona radiata, posterior
limb of internal capsule,
middle two-third of crus
cerebri, basilar part of pons and
pyramid of medulla oblongata

In the lower medulla 90% of
fibres decussate and enter into
the lateral funiculus as the lateral
cortico-spinal tract

8% fibres pass uncrossed in the
anterior funiculus as the anterior
cortico-spinal tract

18
Q

how does the lateral corticospinal tract terminate

A

55% of fibres terminate in the cervical
segment of the spinal cord
20% of fibres terminate in the thoracic
segments of the cord
25% of fibres terminate in the lumbo-sacral
segments of the cord

19
Q

how does the anterior corticospinal tract terminate

A

THIS TRACT ONLY FOUND IN PRIMATES (MAN)
It extends up to mid-thoracic level
Depending on the level of termination all the
fibres of the tract cross the middle line in the
anterior white commissure and terminate in
the contra-lateral spinal grey matter

20
Q

The spinal tract of Trigeminal nerve conveys what

A

pain & thermalsensations from the ipsilateral trigeminal area of the face and forehead, and are relayed into the spinal nucleus of V nerve

21
Q

how is the trigeminal lemniscus formed

A

The axons of second sets of neurons arise from the spinal nucleus of the V nerve, cross to the opposite side, and form the trigeminal lemniscus

terminate in the VPM nucleus of thalamus

22
Q

how does the The spinal nucleus extend

A

caudally to the second cervical
segment and cranially to the pontomedullary junction

23
Q

The anterolateral funiculus on each side between the pyramid and spinal tract of
trigeminal contains the:

A
  • Ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tract
  • Ventral and lateral spinothalamic tract
  • Spino-tectal tract
  • Spino-olivary tract
  • Vestibulo-spinal tract
  • Rubro-spinal tract
24
what happens in medulla oblongata at the level of sensory decussation?
The nucleus gracilis and cuneatus become more pronounced and fibres of fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus terminate in these nuclei The internal arcuate fibres arising from these nuclei decussate with the corresponding fibres of opposite sideand turn upwards as medial lemniscus on the opposite side - Formation of medial lemniscus - The medial lemniscus ends in the VPL nucleus of thalamus
25
what does the Accessory cuneate nucleus do
carries proprioceptive sensation from the upper limb to the cerebellum of the same side through inferior cerebellar peduncle
26
what does the Hypoglossal nucleus do
Occupies the hypoglossal triangle in the floor of the 4th ventricle * It supplies all the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus
27
what does the Dorsal nucleus of vagus do
occupies the vagal triangle in the floor of the 4th ventricle  The preganglionic fibers arising from this supply the heart, smooth muscles and glands of respiratory and alimentary system
28
where does the Nucleus of tractus solitaries receive fibres from
It receives taste fibers from VII, IX and X nerve
29
what does the Nucleus of tractus solitaries do
Lies behind the dorsal nucleus of vagus Efferents from the solitary nucleus carrying taste sensations ascend on the contralateral side and terminate in VPM of thalamus
30
what does the Medial longitudinal bundle consist of
Is a small compact tract which interconnects different cranial nerve nuclei (3rd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and spinal nucleus of 11th)
31
how is the medial leminiscus formed
The lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts collectively form the spinal lemniscus
32
what does the Inferior olivary nuclear complex – beneath the olive consist of
 Principal inferior olivary nucleus  Medial accessory olivary nucleus  Dorsal accessory olivary nucleus
33
what are the afferent Connections of olivary complex of nuclei:
Afferents – from cerebral cortex, red nucleus, basal nuclei, thalamus, periaqueductal grey of mid brain and spinal cord
34
what are the efferent Connections of olivary complex of nuclei:
Efferents: Olivo-cerebellar tract from the inferior olivary nu. Parolivo-cerebellar fibres from medial and dorsal accessory olivary nu. Both sets of fibers cross the median plane and reach the cerebellum through inferior cerebellar peduncle Parolivo-cerebellar fibers project to the cerebellar vermis
35
what do the Arcuate nuclei do
They are the displaced pontine nuclei, lie on the surface of the pyramid b. Receive fibers from the cerebral cortex and send efferent fibers (anterior external arcuate fibers) to the cerebellum of the opposite side
36
what is the blood supply of the medulla
It is supplied by: - Branches arising from the vertebral arteries  Anterior and posterior spinal arteries  Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries - Basilar artery and its branch Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
37
what is lateral medullary syndrome
Lesion/block in the branches of posterior inferior cerebellar A supplying the medulla oblongata
38
what are the symptoms of lateral medullary syndrome
Vertigo – sensation of whirling and loss of balance Nystagmus – rapid involuntary movements of the eye Ataxia – loss of full control of bodily movements Dysmetria – lack of coordination of movement Dysdiadokokinesis – inability to perform rapid alternate movements Palatal myoclonus – rapid spasm of palatal muscles Dysphagia – difficulty in swallowing * Gag reflex or pharyngeal reflex Miosis – excessive constriction of pupil Anhydrosis – failure of sweat glands to secrete
39
what is medial medullary syndrome
(Dejerine syndrome) Lesion/block in the vertebral artery branches supplying the medulla oblongata

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