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NCLEX - Pharmacology > Meds > Flashcards

Meds Flashcards

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1
Q

codeine sulfate

A
  • opioid agonist
  • ceiling effect (the more you give won’t make a difference)
  • GI tract upset
  • 15-30 min onset
  • do not exceed 120 mg/ day
  • take with food or milk
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2
Q

what is an opioid agonist?

A

bind to opioid receptors to give full effect

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3
Q

fentanyl

A

-opioid agonist
-moderate to severe pain
-patches mainly used for chronic pain only
-not for acute settings
-6-12 hours before seeing difference —> needs to be
changed every 72 hours
-IV/ IM used for moderate sedation
-rapid onset

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4
Q

hydromorphone

A
  • Diluad
  • opioid agonist
  • very potent
  • rapid onset
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5
Q

meperidine hydrochloride

A
  • demerol
  • opioid agonist
  • use w/ extreme caution with the elderly, long term analgesia requirements, and kidney dysfunction
  • active metabolite can accumulate and become toxic so it causes seizures
  • used in ER for migraines and post op for shivering
  • rapid onset
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6
Q

methadone hydrochloride

A
  • dolophine
  • opioid agonist
  • detoxification of opioid addicts
  • half life longer than duration of action
    • easy for overdosing and deaths
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7
Q

morphine sulfate

A
  • opioid agonist
  • for severe pain and helps decrease preload and afterload pressure
  • extended release = MS Contin & Kadian
  • contraindicated in patients with renal failure due to metabolite that can build up
  • check respirations when giving
  • adverse effects: weakness, flushing, sweating, bradycardia, constricted pupils, cardiac arrest
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8
Q

oxycodone hydrochloride

A
  • opioid agonist
  • moderate to severe pain
  • commonly combined with acetaminophen to create Percocet tablets
  • sustained release is known as oxycontin
    • cannot be crushed
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9
Q

what is an opioid antagonist

A

competes with opioids for CNS receptor sites

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10
Q

naloxone hydrochloride

A
  • narcan
  • opioid antagonist
  • blocks rewarding effects of opioids
  • complete or partial reversal of respiratory depression
  • rapid onset - less than 2 minutes
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11
Q

naltrexone hydrochloride

A
  • opioid antagonist
  • helps maintain opioid free life for former addicts
  • treats alcoholism
  • reverses post op respiratory depression
  • adverse effects = nausea & tachycardia
  • contradicted w/ known liver disease or hepatitis
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12
Q

acetaminophen

A
  • NSAID
  • mild to moderate pain & fever
  • contraindicated w/ liver disease
  • alcoholics should avoid bc can cause liver toxicity
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13
Q

what is a glucocorticosteroid

A
  • decrease edema
  • suppress severe inflammation
  • adverse effects: hyperglycemia, peptic ulcers, fluid retention, moon face, depression, weight gain, delayed wound healing, restlessness, dry mouth
  • need to monitor blood pressure, I&O, daily weights, LOC, signs of infections, do not (crush break or chew) tablets,
  • do not drink grapefruit juice, taper meds to discontinue, diet high in protein, calcium, and potassium, low in carbs & sodium
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14
Q

prednisone

A
  • glucocorticosteroid
  • intermediate acting
  • stress will cause a higher dose
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15
Q

cortisone

A
  • short acting corticosteroid
  • for severe inflammation
  • assess for diabetes and ulcers
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16
Q

hydrocortisone

A
  • short acting corticosteroid
  • use to manage adrenocortical insufficiency, inflammation, allery, autoimmune disorders, prevents organ transplant rejection
  • caution with cirrhosis, stress, and hypothyroidism
  • need to taper dose to stop, test for blood in stool
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17
Q

betamethasone

A
  • long acting corticosteroid
  • inflammation, allergies, autoimmune disease
  • need to monitor for pulmonary and peripheral edema
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18
Q

dexamesathone

A
  • long acting corticosteroid
  • stimulates formation of glucose and decreases use by body cells
  • used for addison disease, chron disease, COPD, lupus, leukemia, lymphomas, head trauma, tumors, prevent/treat cerebral tumors
  • caution with hx of TB
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19
Q

acyclovir

A
  • antiviral
  • used for genital herpes and varicella
  • adverse effects: HA, dizziness, motor seizures, and diarrhea
  • encourage fluids
  • check liver and kidney function tests
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20
Q

interferon alpha - 2b

A
  • antiviral
  • used for hepatitis B & C, kaposi sarcoma, malignant melanoma
  • adverse effects: dizziness, seizures, coma, amnesia, mood changes, depression, paranoia, anxiety, edema, hypotension, heart failure, MI, stroke, rash, weight loss, alopecia, taste changes
  • fever associated with med so watch for masked infections
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21
Q

Zidoduvine

A
  • antiviral
  • used for HIV infection and prevention of maternal to fetal HIV
  • adverse effects: anemia, ha, upset stomach, diarrhea, insomnia
  • patient needs to adhere closely to dosage schedule
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22
Q

Baclofen

A
  • muscle relaxant

- can cause constipation, drowsiness, fatigue, weakness, urinary retention

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23
Q

Pentobarbital

A
  • CNS depressant
  • anticonvulsant, sedative
  • adverse: drowsiness, serum sickness, hangover, broncho & laryngospasm, constipation, diarrhea, N&V, rash, delirium, depression, physical and physiological dependence
  • do not stop abruptly
  • avoid alcohol
  • use contraceptives
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24
Q

phenobarbital

A
  • CNS depressant
  • anticonvulsant
  • adverse: sedation, inattention, irritability
  • drowsiness will diminish after first several weeks of therapy
  • folic acid supplements for long term use
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25
Q

what are the 5 types of laxatives

A

bulk forming, surfactant, stimulant, osmotic, chlorine channel activator

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26
Q

polycarbophil

A
  • bulk forming
  • combines with water in colon to make softer & bulkier stool and increase peristalsis
  • follow with 8 oz of water
  • need to discontinue if N/V occurs or rectal bleeding
  • chew tab completely before swallowing
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27
Q

psyllium

A
  • bulk forming
  • can cause bronchospasm
  • take with 240 mL liquid
  • do not chew granules
28
Q

docusate

A
  • surfactant
  • prevents development of constipation
  • adverse: bitter taste, diarrhea, mild cramping
  • short term only
  • make take fews days to notice softer stool
29
Q

bisacodyl

A
  • stimulant
  • short term constipation relief & bowel prep
  • adverse: mild abdominal cramps, diarrhea, weakness, dizziness, fluid and electrolyte imbalances
  • need to swallow whole
  • do not take with milk or antacid
  • 1 hour before or after another med
30
Q

lactulose

A
  • osmotic
  • for hepatic encephalopathy
  • helps decrease blood ammonia
  • adverse: cramping, distention, flatulence
  • mix with fruit juice, milk, or carbonated beverage
31
Q

lubiprostone

A
  • chlorine channel activator
  • for chronic idiopathic constipation
  • adverse: ha, anxiety, depression, chest pain, peripheral edema, UTI, back pain
  • take with food
32
Q

cimetidine

A
  • histamine receptor 2 antagonist
  • used for PUD
  • inhibits gastric acid secretion
  • adverse: hepatic abnormalities, dysrhythmias, diarrhea, confusion, headache
  • rapid infusion causes bradycardia or cardiac arrest
  • large doses cause confusion in older adults
33
Q

famotidine

A
  • -histamine receptor 2 antagonist
  • used for PUD, GERD
  • inhibits gastric acid secretion
  • adverse: aplastic anemia, drowsiness, low sperm counts, constipation, N/V, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia
  • administer with meals
  • smoking interferes with action
  • avoid alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS
34
Q

Esomeprazole

A
  • PPI
  • binds to enzymes in presence of gastric pH to prevent hydrogen ion going into stomach
  • used for erosive esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux,
  • adverse: dry mouth, flatulence, vomiting
  • monitor for rash
35
Q

lansoprazole

A
  • PPI
  • binds to enzymes in presence of gastric pH to prevent hydrogen ion going into stomach
  • used for erosive esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux
  • adverse: N/V, rash
  • do not crush or chew capsules
  • avoid alcohol, anti inflammatories
36
Q

aluminum hydroxide

A
  • neutralizes gastric acids
  • antacid
  • take between meals
37
Q

misoprostol

A
  • prevents gastric injury caused by NSAIDS
  • ripens cervix and induces labor
  • adverse: ha, abdominal pain, diarrhea, N/V, menstrual problems
  • take when starting NSAIDS or at meal or bed times
  • avoid alcohol
38
Q

sucralfate

A
  • protects stomach lining
  • adverse: constipation, N/V, dry mouth, dizziness, gastric discomfort, rash
  • administer on empty stomach
  • 4-8 week onset
39
Q

heparin

A
  • anticoagulant
  • short term therapy
  • adverse: hemorrhage with excessive dosage, thrombocytopenia, hypersensitivity
  • agonist : protamine sulfate
40
Q

enoxaparin

A
  • anticoagulant
  • prevents VTE & pulmonary emboli
  • adverse: hemorrhage, tissue irritation, anemia, thrombocytopenia, fever
  • give deep never IM or IV
41
Q

warfarin

A
  • anticoagulant
  • interferes with synthesis of vitamin k dependent clotting factors
  • adverse: hemorrhage and alopecia
  • watch for petechiae, bleeding gums, bruises, dark stools
  • antidote: vitamin k
42
Q

Vitamin B1

A
  • Thiamine
  • treats anorexia from B1 deficiency, neuritis of pregnancy, alcoholism
  • adverse: feeling of warmth, weakness, sweating, restlessness, nausea, anaphylaxis
  • avoid alcohol
43
Q

Vitamin B2

A
  • Riboflavin
  • found in milk products, whole grain, fortified and enriched grains, liver
  • deficiency looks like inflammation of membranes of mouth, skin, eyes, and GI
44
Q

Vitamin B3

A
  • Niacin
  • lipid lowering agent
  • adverse: flushing of face and neck, pruritus, GI upset, hepatotoxicity, dizziness, nervousness, burning & stinging, dry skin, hyperglycemia, dry mouth, hunger, rash, orthostatic hypotension
  • take with milk or food
  • to decrease ha or flushing take aspirin 30 min prior
  • change positions slowly
  • diet low in fat and cholesterol
  • food sources: meats, eggs, dairy products
45
Q

Vitamin B6

A
  • Pyrindoxine
  • used for high protein diets, early pregnancy use, oral contraceptives
  • if have deficiency will show signs of: motor seizures, depressed immunity, anorexia, N/V, dermatitis on face, depression
  • food sources: meat, fish, poultry, liver, kidneys, nuts, fortified cereal grains, bran, yeast, egg yolks, starchy veggies, non citrus fruit, bananas
46
Q

Vitamin B12

A
  • Cyanocobalamin
  • binds with intrinsic factor in stomach
  • food sources: meat, milk, cheese, eggs, liver, fortified cereals
47
Q

Vitamin C

A
  • ascorbic acid
  • helps form cartilage in connective tissue and maintain intercellular cement
  • deficiency signs: scurvy, imperfect formation of fetal skeleton, defective teeth, anemia, potential injury to bones and cells and blood vessels
  • food source: raw cabbage, young carrots, lettuce, celery, onions, tomatoes, radishes, green peppers, citrus fruits, strawberries, apples, pears, plums, peaches, pineapples, apricots
48
Q

digoxin

A
  • decreases heart rate & increases force of contraction
  • adverse: bradycardia, dig toxicity, anorexia, N/V, dysrhythmias, diaphoresis
  • take apical pulse for one full minute
  • pulse falls below 60 withhold and contact HCP
  • observe k bc hypokalemia increases risk for toxicity
49
Q

bumetadine

A
  • loop diuretic meaning inhibits reabsorption of sodium, potassium, chloride, and water
  • adverse: thrombocytopenia, arthritic pain, pruritus
  • need to monitor weight and electrolyte levels
  • glucose in diabetic patients
  • monitor blood pressure
50
Q

furosemide

A
  • loop diuretic meaning inhibits reabsorption of sodium, potassium, chloride, and water
  • adverse: hyperglycemia, GI upset, photosensitivity
  • need to have daily weights
  • watch for potassium containing foods
  • wear sunscreen when outside
51
Q

hydrochlorothiazide

A

-inhibits reabsorption of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water
-has lower diuresis than loop
-used for hypertension
-adverse: hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, fatigue, N/V, pancreatitis, photosensitivity, hypovolemia, thrombocytopenia, rash
-increase foods high in potassium
-bananas, citrus and dried
fruits, potatoes, pumpkin,
tomatoes, melons, spinach,
avocado, meats
- monitor BP
- use sun protection

52
Q

spironolactone

A
  • k sparing diuretic
  • blocks sodium reabsorption in kidney
  • adverse: hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, rash, dizziness, ha
  • monitor I & O
  • do not take at bedtime
  • daily weights
53
Q

mannitol

A
  • osmotic diuretic
  • inhibits reabsorption of water in the kidney by creating osmotic pressure
  • used for edema, systematic diuresis, improve the kidney function, decrease intraocular pressure
  • adverse: motor seizures, rebound ICP, hypotension, angia, loss of hearing, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, N/V, diarrhea, thirst, pulmonary congestion
  • daily weights / I & O
  • cannot use with active brain bleed, heart failure, severe dehydration
54
Q

loratadine

A
  • antihistamine
  • for signs and symptoms of allergic reaction
  • adverse: dry mouth, blurred vision, confusion, drowsiness, GI upset, weight gain, photosensitivity
  • monitor the lung sounds
  • maintain fluid intake of 1500-2000 mL daily
  • avoid alcohol
  • use sunscreen
  • maintain good oral hygiene
    • sugarless gum or candy
55
Q

isoniazid

A
  • tuberculosis treatment
  • adverse: toxic hepatitis, peripheral neuritis, rash, fever, gi upset
  • give b6 to prevent peripheral neuritis
  • check liver function tests
  • before meals on empty stomach
56
Q

ethambutol

A
  • tuberculosis treatment
  • adverse: optic neuritis, blurred vision, color perception change, hepatitis, dizziness, hallucinations, ha, stomach ache, anorexia, N/V, peripheral neuritis, fever
  • use with caution for renal and hepatic impairment
  • need to have regular vision and liver tests
  • take with food or milk
  • may take months or years for course treatment
57
Q

rifampin

A
  • tuberculosis treatment
  • need to use in combo w/ other antitubercular agents otherwise resistant strains emerge
  • adverse: ha, drowsiness, pruritus, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia, reddish orange color of urine, sweat, tears, sputum, feces
  • monitor liver function
  • if on hormonal contraceptive need to add another form
58
Q

diphenoxylate plus atropine

A
  • antidiarrheal
  • opioid/controlled substance
  • for acute diarrhea
  • adverse: confusion, blurred vision, pancreatitis, paralytic ileus, respi depression, anaphylaxis
  • do not use with antibiotic caused diarrhea
59
Q

loperamide

A
  • chronic inflammatory bowels
  • adverse: constipation, N/V, stomach pain or distention
  • need to have frequent oral care
  • avoid alcohol
60
Q

rifamixin

A
  • antidiarrheal
  • for travel diarrhea
  • adverse: fever, ha, stomach ache, constipation, defecation urgency, N/V
  • do not use if pt has blood in stool or fever
61
Q

metoclopramide

A
  • antiemetic
  • for chemotherapy, diabetic gastroparesis, GERD
  • adverse: restlessness, insomnia, nausea, diarrhea
  • need to immediately report involuntary movements of body or face
  • avoid alcohol or CNS depressants
62
Q

ondansetron

A
  • antiemetic

- adverse: dry mouth and diarrhea

63
Q

promethazine

A
  • antiemetic
  • adverse: sedation, leukopenia, respiratory depression, apnea
  • monitor for altered mental status and stop meds 4 days before skin testing
  • take with milk or food
64
Q

prochlorperazine

A
  • antiemetic
  • adverse: dry eyes & mouth, blurred vision, hypotension, tachycardia, UTI, reddish brown or pink urine, photosensitivity, dysrhythmias, anorexia, hyperthermia
  • cannot give to pt with angle-closure glaucoma
  • do not stop abruptly
  • sunscreen
  • good oral hygiene
65
Q

disulfiram

A
  • for alcohol abuse
  • when patients take this with alcohol it produces flushing, increased pulse, difficulty swallowing, ha, N/V, palpitation, hyperventilation, hypotension, confusion, resp depression, dysrhythmias, and motor seizures
  • symptoms start in 5-15 min
  • clients feel like they are having a heart attack or dying

NCLEX - Pharmacology (3 decks)

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