Mediterranean Diet Trial EXAM 2

Question 1

What is primary prevention?

Answer 1

-the patient never had the disease before
-start prevention at a young age
F.e. cardiovascular diseases happening as a result of lifestyle (mostly)

-Diet, Exercise, Environmental condition, genetic (lower)

Question 2

What is a secondary prevention?

Answer 2

-the patient has suffered from the disease (f.e. stroke)
-prevention of the event to happen again (secondary to an event that has already occurred)

Question 3

What are primary endpoints?

Answer 3

Measuring the final outcomes
MI, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes

Question 4

What is an interim analysis?

Answer 4

-a separate body of individuals (=Data Safety Monitoring Board) haveing a look at the data of the trial and determine if the intervention is worthless or so effective to stop the trial

Question 5

What is a Hazard ratio?

Answer 5

Hazard (Risk) in the intervention group DIVIDED BY the Hazard (Risk) in the control group

Question 6

If the intervention is considered beneficial (protective), is the HR greater or less than 1?

Answer 6

Less than 1, because the risk in the control group (without intervention) is higher (denumerator) -> smaller number

Question 7

What does a HR of 1 imply?

Answer 7

No difference between the intervention and the control group (no intervention= = NULL HYPOTHESIS

Question 8

What does a confidence interval CI of 95% mean in the paper mean?

Answer 8

The true value of the hazard ratio is within that 95% range (0.54 and 96)

Question 9

What does the “Methods” section of a paper imply?

Answer 9

-Research methods explaining how an outcome was researched

-Study Design (Parallel Group, RTC, multicenter)
-Participant Selection and Randomization (women were older, bc they develop cardiovascular disease later than men)
-Interventions and Measurements
-Endpoints (Outcome measures)
-Statistical Analysis
-Baseline characteristics (making sure the two groups are similar)