Medieval Music Flashcards

0
Q

Mass Ordinary

A
  • Kyrie (Greek, not latin)
  • Gloria
  • Credo
  • Sanctus
  • Agnus Dei
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1
Q

Plainchant or Gregorian Chant

A
  • Music of Christian Church

- First extensive repertory of music preserved in European sources

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2
Q

Mass Proper

A
  • Introit
  • Gradual
  • Alleluia
  • Offertory
  • Communion
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3
Q

600 AD

A
  • Pope Gregory coined term “Gregorian”

- Professional musicians existed (mostly Priests)

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4
Q

800 AD

A
  • Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor because he got rid of invading tribal groups (Lombards)
  • Pope and Charlemagne wanted to unify the Church, so they used music to unify (Mass)
    • Music as statecraft (music used towards political ends)
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5
Q

Non-diastematic Chant Notation

A
  • “Guidelines” for those who already know the chant

- no specific pitch, just shape of lines

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6
Q

Post-diastematic Chant Notation

A
  • a few lines (specific pitches, usually C)
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7
Q

Guido of Arezzo (c. 990)

A
  • added lines to create a staff

- created syllables for sight singing

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8
Q

Guido of Arezzo Staff Notation

A
  • 4 lines
    • C or F clef
    • neumes
    • ligature
    • read bottom to top, left to right
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9
Q

Hexachord

A

natural hexachord C-A
hard hexachord G-E
soft hexachord F-D with a Bb(no tritones allowed)

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10
Q

Performance Style

A
  • direct (unison)
  • antiphonal (two choirs)
  • responsorial (solo question, choir answer)
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11
Q

Text Setting

A
  • syllabic (one note per syllable)
  • neumatic (something in between, one or two notes per syllable)
  • melismatic (one syllable has many moving notes)
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12
Q

Modes

A

Dorian - Hypodorian
Phrygian - Hypophrygian
Lydian - Hypolydian
Mixolydian - Hypomixolydian

“Hypo” mode begins a fourth below the authentic mode, but still end on authentic note

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13
Q

Rise of Polyphony

A
  • No meter in Gregorian Chant (free rhythm)
  • Crowding around a large choir book created a sense of unity
  • Began to embellish(due to repetition) which gave rise to polyphony
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14
Q

Organum

A
  • early polyphony
  • perfect fourths and fifths (not thirds because of the close relationship with mathematics in this time)
  • not written out, expected to improvise
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15
Q

Scholasticism

A
  • reliance on authority
  • Bible
  • words of Saints
16
Q

Melismatic Chant

A
  • early 12th century
  • drone chant on the bottom (word “tenor” came from word meaning “to hold”)
  • moving embellished chant on top
  • still in free rhythm (made more polyphony hard)
17
Q

Rhythmic Modes

A
  • all in groups of 3 for the Holy Trinity
  • first rhythmic notation system
  • descriptive notation vs today’s prescriptive notation
18
Q

Rhythmic Modes 1, 2, 5

A

1 quarter eighth - trochaic (group of three followed by groups of two)
2 eighth quarter - iambic (groups of two followed by group of three)
5

19
Q

Phillip de Vitry

A
  • Ars Nova
  • composer who contributed to the new way of writing music, specifically in rhythm refinement
  • duple time, which goes against the theory of triple time for the Holy Trinity
20
Q

Phillip de Vitry Ars Nova Notation System (white mensural notation)

A
  • breve (big square note, which can be divided into time)
    - Semibreve (diamond note, which divides using prolation)
    - minims (diamond note with stem)
    • 9/8 circle with a dot (perfect - perfect)
    • 3/4 circle with no dot (perfect - imperfect)
    • 6/8 half circle with dot (imperfect - perfect)
    • 2/4 half circle with no dot (imperfect - imperfect)
21
Q

Machaut

A
  • musician and poet, but was a secretary as a profession (music was not a good profession)
  • set a whole Mass Ordinary as a unit for the first time
  • Trouvere song: - Ma fin est mon commencement
22
Q

Music in the 12th to 14th Century

A
  • rise of notation of rhythm for polyphony
  • refinement of notation
  • fascinated with rhythm and isorhythm
  • especially in France they were interested in “secret structure” even though Pope condemned the Ars Nova
  • setting of the Mass Ordinary
23
Q

Patriarchal Society

A
  • Women were excluded from singing in church(too enticing)
  • Only position of power women had was in a convent or nunnery
    • if women couldn’t be married or didn’t have a dowry, were sent to nunnery by family
    • building up riches for their family in the life to come
  • Women’s role in life was to marry and have children (heir)
  • Single sex communities (rare coed in separate buildings)
24
Hildegard
- had a vocation - lived to be 60-70 years old - wanted to go to the nunnery and form her own convent - wasn't allowed - protested by not moving or eating for days - was granted permission - wrote prose and music - visionary writings - scientific writings - hymns - sacred drama - Ordo virtutum(acted out by nuns)
25
Secular Music
- wasn't written down in large quantities until the 12th century - written in vernacular - everyday language
26
Troubadour/Trobairitz
(male/female) secular music - langue d'oc -> troubadour (attached to a court) - langue d'oil -> trouvere (less attached to a court) - likely men who came back from crusades - brought back traditions from the countries they were in - can be about war, but usually romance (unrequited or unattainable)
27
Formes Fixes
Troubadour Music (rhyme in text determines poetic form) - rondeau (ABaAabAB) - stress of music and text don't align - complex rhythms - text not meant to be understood in singing - virel ai (=Italian bollata) (AbbaA) - stress of music and text align - simpler rhythms - text can be understood in singing - hemiola (for lively swing) - 3rds and 6ths, fewer 4ths and 5ths ("sweet" sounding) - ballade
28
Beatriz de Dia
(Trobairitz) - "A chantar" (early 13th century) - instrumental accompaniment or interludes - vernacular - creativity - written like Gregorian chant, but sounds nothing like it - embellishment and droning
29
Landini
(trouvere) | - blind organist
30
Instrumental Music
"haut" (loud)/outside "bas" (soft)/inside - trumpet - recorder - shawm (oboe) - lute - curtal (bassoon) - rebec - sackbut (trombone) - vielle - percussion - harp - bagpipes - psaltery (zither)
31
Jongleur
- Music was the lowest profession | - Name for musicians that sounds like "Juggler", showing the similarity in respect for musicians and street performers
32
Earliest Instrumental Music
music was for dancing - group (round) dances - couple dances Heterophony - all playing the same line, but all playing it slightly differently