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Medieval Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

Who could you go to for treatment in the Medieval Era?

A

Local Wise Women
Barber Surgeon
University Trained Doctor
Monastery

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2
Q

What treatments were available in the Medieval Era?

A 
Bloodletting
Trepanning
Purging/Vomiting
Amputation
Cauterisation
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3
Q

What were the 4 Humours?

A

Blood
Yellow Bile
Black Bile
Phlegm

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4
Q

How is Blood Restored within the Four Humours?

A

Too Much: Bloodletting

Not Enough: Drinking Red Wine

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5
Q

How is Yellow Bile Restored within the Four Humours?

A

Too Much: Made to Vomit

Not Enough: Eat Cheese

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6
Q

How is Black Bile Restored within the Four Humours?

A

Too Much: Given Laxatives

Not Enough: Eating More Vegetables

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7
Q

How is Phlegm Restored within the Four Humours?

A

Too Much: Breathe in Steam

Not Enough: Eat Fleshy Vegetables

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8
Q

How is a Medieval Doctor Trained?

A

7 Years at University
Listening to Lectures
Learned works of Galen and Hippocrates

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9
Q

Barber Surgeons

A

Performed small operations like Trepanning

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10
Q

Wise Women

A

Used Natural Herbal Remedies, First Aid and Supernatural Cures
Knowledge passed down by word of mouth

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11
Q

Bloodletting

A

Blood is removed from the body by opening a vein or using leeches

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12
Q

Trepanning

A

Drilling into the skull

Used to treat Epilepsy and let the demons out

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13
Q

Amputation

A

Chopping off part of a body

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14
Q

Cauterisation

A

Burning a wound to stop blood flow

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15
Q

Natural Causes Of Disease

A

Clinical Observation

4 Humours

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16
Q

Supernatural Causes Of Disease

A

Position of the Stars

Demons

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17
Q

What were the Churches beliefs about illness?

A

Jesus healed the sick so Christians should look after the sick
G-D sent an illness as a punishment
Curing an illness would challenge G-D’s will
Hippocratic and Galenic ideas were correct
Miraculous healing-encouraged to visit shrines and pray

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18
Q

Hospitals run by the Church

A 
1000-1050, over 700 hospitals were built
Places of rest
Had Priests instead of Doctors
Run by Monks/Nuns
Had Clean Water
Kitchens were built away from privies to avoid contamination
19
Q

Who funded the Hospitals?

A

The Church
Wealthy Patrons
Charity

20
Q

Name 2 Types of Hospitals

A

Mental Hospitals for the mentally ill

Lazar Houses for those with Leprosy

21
Q

How did Christianity Help Medical Progress?

A

Taught people it was a religious duty to care for the sick
Church built many hospitals of different types
Funded Universities

22
Q

How did Christianity Hinder Medical Progress?

A

Didn’t allow dissection
Weren’t allowed to question Galen who was wrong
Couldn’t discover new ideas and could only learn old ones
Didn’t try to treat the patient only care for them

23
Q

Explain the influence of Galen on training and treatment?

A

Dissected Animals to improve knowledge of human anatomy
Believed in Design Theory (God designed humans)
Church banned people from questioning his work Worked in Gladiator School
Used Four Humours and stressed importance of listening to a patient’s pulse

24
Q

Explain the influence of Hippocrates on diagnosis and treatment

A

Emphasised the importance of clinical observation

Theory of the Four Humours and the need to balance them dominated medical thinking up to 1800

25
Q

What was the influence of Islam on Medieval Medicine?

A

786-809: Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Baghdad was where Greek manuscripts were translated into Arabic
805: Al-Rashid set up Major Hospital in Baghdad with a Medical School and Library
813-833: Caliph al-Mamum developed al-Rashid’s library into “House of Wisdom”- World’s largest Library and Study Centre
Preserved 100’s of Greek books

26
Q

What were Islamic ideas about Medicine?

A

First Hospitals were for the Mentally ill who were treated with compassion
Encouraged Medical learning and Discoveries
Scientists encouraged to discover Cures and New Drugs

27
Q

What were Bimaristians?

A

Built in many Islamic cities to provide medical TREATMENT for Everyone
Doctors were Permanently present
Medical Students Trained alongside them

28
Q

How did Islamic Medical Knowledge Spread?

A

Medical discoveries and knowledge arrived in Italy in 1065 through Latin translations of Merchant Constantine the African
12th Century- Fist Latin translation of Avicenna’s book: Canon of Medicine
Universities of Padua and Bologna in Italy became the best places to study Medicine in Europe
Reached England through trade as merchants bought new equipment drugs and books

29
Q

Al-Razi/Rhazes

A

Distinguished measles from smallpox for the first time
Stressed the need for careful observation
Wrote over 150 books
Followed Galen but believed all students should improve on the work of their teacher
Wrote a book called “Doubts About Galen”

30
Q

Ibn Sina/ Avicenna

A

Wrote an encyclopaedia of ancient medicine called Canon of Medicine

31
Q

Canon of Medicine

A

Written by Avicenna
Properties of 760 Drugs like Camphor
Standard European Textbook until 17th Century
Discusses Anorexia and Obesity

32
Q

What were the Limitations of Medieval Surgery?

A

Operated without effective Painkillers
No idea that dirt carried Disease
Couldn’t help Patients with Deep Wounds
Thought Pus in a wound was good

33
Q

Abulcasis

A

30 Volume Book in 1000 called Al Tasrif
26 New surgical Instruments
Made Cauterisation popular
Invented many new procedures like Ligatures

34
Q

Hugh of Lucca and his Son Theodoric

A

1267, Criticised that Pus was needed for wounds to heal
Famous Surgeons at Bologna University
Used Wine on wounds to reduce chance of infection
New methods of removing Arrows
Went against Hippocrates so wasn’t popular

35
Q

Mondino de Luzzi

A

Led interest in Anatomy in 14th Century
1315- Supervised Public Dissection in Bologna but the body didn’t fit Galen’s Description so was thought to be wrong
1316- Wrote “Anathomia” which became the Standard Dissection Manual for over 200 years

36
Q

Guy De Chauliac

A

1363- Wrote the “Great Surgery”
Quoted Galen 890 Times
Many References to Islamic and Greek Writers like Avicenna
Opposed Theodoric’s ideas about infection

37
Q

John of Ardene

A

Most Famous Medieval Surgeon
Set up the Guild of Surgeons in 1368 used to seperate Surgeons from Barber Surgeons
1376- “Practicia” bases on 100 Years war and Greek/Arab Knowledge
Specialised in Operations for Anal Abscess common in knights
Used Opium and Henbane to dull Pain

38
Q

Roger Frugardi

A

1180- “Practice of Surgery”
Warned against Trepanning
Attempted to remove Bladder Stones

39
Q

Pubic Health Definition

A

Health and Wellbeing of the Population as a whole

40
Q

Medieval Public Health: Water

A

Hygienic: Towns took water from Local Springs, Wells or Rivers
Pipes made from wood or lead

Unhygienic: Sewage and other Waste dumped in rivers are the Population grew

41
Q

Medieval Public Health: Sewage

A

Hygienic: Towns are Private Houses had Privies (Outside Toilets) with cesspits to collect the Sewage

Unhygienic: Cesspits dug out regularly by Gong Farmers. Towns Dirty with barely any Paved Streets so Cesspits would overflow onto Roads and Rivers

42
Q

Medieval Public Health: Rubbish

A

Hygienic: Town Councils passed Laws encouraging people to keep streets in front of their houses clean

Unhygienic: Streets stank and were littered with toilet waste and household rubbish in poorer areas

43
Q

Medieval Public Health: Tradesmen’s waste

A

Hygienic: Town Councils encouraged Tradesmen to keep to certain areas and keep them clean

Unhygienic: Leather tanning used dangerous chemicals
Meat Butchers dumped waste guts and guts onto streets and into rivers

44
Q

Why couldn’t Medieval towns be kept clean?

A

Population growth
Rivers used for drinking water, transport and removing waste
People had no knowledge of germs
Thought disease was spread by bad air so removed bad smells

History (1 decks)

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