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Medieval Europe Flashcards

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1
Q

What dates did Medieval Europe span?

A

500-1500 (CE)

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2
Q

Medieval comes from the latin word: medium aevum meaning middle ages. Why is it referred to as the middle ages?

A

It was the period of time between ancient and modern times

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3
Q

What happened in the Early Middle Ages?

A

The Roman Empire began to collapse and separate states were established

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4
Q

What is another term for the Middle Ages?

A

The Dark Ages

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5
Q

What happened in the High Medieval Ages?

A

Rapid growth and increased farming

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6
Q

When did the Christian Church split into East and West?

A

1054 CE

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7
Q

Where was the Eastern church located?

A

Constantinople

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8
Q

Where was the western church located?

A

Rome

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9
Q

What did the Western Church do?

A

Called its followers to fight in the Crusades

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10
Q

When were the Crusades?

A

1095-1291

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11
Q

What happened in the Late Middle Ages?

A

Wars, famine and the Black Death

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12
Q

What was the main system of governance in Medieval Europe

A

Feudalism

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13
Q

The monarch gave land to…

A

his tenants-in-chief (nobles and bishops)

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14
Q

The tenants-in-chief provided the lord with…

A

loyalty and military support

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15
Q

The tenants in chief gave land to…

A

sub-tenants-in-chief (knights and lesser clergy)

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16
Q

The tenants in chief recieved…. from subtenants in chief?

A

fighting, praying and protecting the tenants in chief’s property

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17
Q

The subtenants allocated land to

A

the peasantry

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18
Q

What did the peasantry own

A

Nothing

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19
Q

The peasantry repaid the subtenants by..

A

working on their land and paying taxes (crops)

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20
Q

Who introduced feudalism?

A

Charlemagne (9th century France)

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21
Q

Who introduced feudalism into England?

A

William the Conqueror 1066

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22
Q

Magna Carter means

A

Great charter

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23
Q

Who was forced to sign the Magna Carta?

A

John |

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24
Q

What did the Magna Carta state?

A

A king had to respect the law and rule his people based on the law and not his own personal decisions

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25
Q

Women were expected to be …. by the Catholic church?

A

Good daughters, mothers and wives

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26
Q

When a women married, she became the property of

A

her husband

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27
Q

Noble men did?

A

participated in politics, battles, disputes, hunting expeditions and received income from the peasantry

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28
Q

Noblewomen were expected to?

A

Look after her husband’s household, looked after the sick and sired heirs

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29
Q

Peasant men were expected to

A

Farm, serve as soldiers and look after his family

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30
Q

Peasant women were expected to

A

help harvest, weave, look after kids and cook

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31
Q

Charlemagne ordered the Catholic Church to

A

provide education to any willing boy

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32
Q

What percentage of Europeans were peasants

A

90%

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33
Q

Peasants lived in

A

small villages near fresh water

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34
Q

The village and its surrounding land was called?

A

the manor

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35
Q

The lord’s farm land was about

A

1/3 of the total

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36
Q

Every village had …. for peasants to graze their animals

A

Common

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37
Q

The church’s land was called

A

the glebe

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38
Q

Peasants lived in

A

one-two roomed clay huts with thatched roofs, window holes and dirt floors

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39
Q

In winter, peasants shared their rooms with

A

their animals

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40
Q

Wealthy people lived in

A

multi levelled stone castles or manors with tiled floors, multiple rooms and outdoor toilets

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41
Q

Three names for the poorest class

A

peasants, serfs, villeins

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42
Q

What system was used to farm land?

A

Three field system

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43
Q

Within 200 years Christianity became a

A

separate religion

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44
Q

In 380 CE, Christianity was

A

the main religion of the Roman Empire

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45
Q

When did Gregory became a Pope

A

3rd September, 590 CE

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46
Q

What did Pope Gregory do?

A

Spread bishops all over the world, made the church take on the responsibilities of the government, negotiated peace between invaders and made the pope the most important person in the Catholic Church

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47
Q

How did Pope Gregory change the church?

A

Priests had to be celibate and used the church’s wealth to spread influence and help people

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48
Q

The Pope was considered as

A

God’s representative on Earth

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49
Q

Kings and nobles would

A

fulfil the Pope’s wishes and donate large amounts of money and property to the church

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50
Q

The Catholic Church controlled around

A

One third of land in Europe

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51
Q

What is canon law?

A

Laws developed by the church, specifically the Catholic Church

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52
Q

People supported the church by

A

tithe (10% of their crop)

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53
Q

People relied on the Church to

A

explain to them how the world worked

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54
Q

People blamed witches for

A

natural disasters, famine, plague, drought, stillbirth

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55
Q

Why would someone convict an innocent woman of witchcraft

A

jealousy or revenge

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56
Q

what does treason mean?

A

Killing someone in a higher position and being disloyal to the monarch

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57
Q

What could the church do if people worked on sundays or holy days?

A

whip or fine them

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58
Q

What was the most serious crime against the church?

A

heresy, contradicting the church’s teachings

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59
Q

What happened if villagers saw people breaking the law?

A

They were expected to all go and catch the criminal

60
Q

How did towns try to prevent lawbreakers?

A

Imposing curfews at night, tithings, public punishments and corpses

61
Q

What were tithings?

A

Groups of males who were responsible for keeping each other from breaking the law. If one did, the whole group suffered punishment and fines

62
Q

What happened to legal occupations in the Middle Ages?

A

Courtrooms and legal professions disappeared

63
Q

Name the four types of trials

A

Trial by compurgation, ordeal, combat and jury

64
Q

What is trial by compurgation?

A

12 people had to recite an oath of innocence in behalf on the person - any mistakes would cause the person to be accused as guilty

65
Q

What is trial by combat?

A

Both people would have to produce a champion (or fight themselves) against the other person. The winner would be proven innocent

66
Q

What is trial by ordeal?

A

People would ask God for a sign of innocence. During ordeal by water, if the person sank, they were considered innocent. During ordeal by fire, the person had to burn their hand and if they didn’t heal in 3 days then they were guilty.

67
Q

What is trial by jury?

A

12 townspeople were chosen to decide the fate of the person and travelling judges would oversee the punishment if guilty

68
Q

The law offered no protection against

A

torture

69
Q

Some examples of punishments are:

A

ducking stool (annoying wife), scold’s bridle (gossiping), dragged through the streets (cheating customers), fines (damaged others property), the stocks (humiliating0, whipping or mutilation (harsh punishments),

70
Q

Why was torture or mutilation justified?

A

It was easier to make the person suffer pain than deprive a family of its source of income

71
Q

What instances was imprisonment used?

A

Prisoners of war or threats to the monarch

72
Q

What was the punishment for witches?

A

Burnt alive

73
Q

The penalty for murder or execution was?

A

public execution (hanging or beheading)

74
Q

How could women delay punishment?

A

Becoming pregnant

75
Q

How could men and women avoid punishment?

A

Claiming sanctuary form the church (staying at the church for 40 days, repenting and leaving the country forever)

76
Q

What did armies compromise of?

A

Knights, squires, soldiers on horseback, infantry and cavalry

77
Q

What were knights?

A

Warriors on horseback (nobleman)

78
Q

What were squires?

A

Knights in training that looked after the knight’s belongings

79
Q

What were the infantry?

A

Foot soldiers including archers

80
Q

What were cavalry?

A

Elite troops on horseback

81
Q

In the eleventh century knight’s wore?

A

Chain mail armour, leather tunics and a coat of arms

82
Q

By the fifteenth century, knights were…

A

wearing full body armour

83
Q

Knight’s weapons compromised of:

A

shield, sword, lance, spiked metal ball and a dagger

84
Q

The infantry fought with:

A

axes, javelins and bows

85
Q

English archers favoured the

A

longbow (1.5-1.8m)

86
Q

A good archer could…

A

fire an arrow every five seconds and hit targets from 220m away

87
Q

Archers in continental Europe preferred the

A

crossbow

88
Q

Disadvantages of a crossbow

A

They were heavier, had shorter range and sometimes needed assistance from other machinery

89
Q

Advantages of a crossbow

A

Could be learnt in a few short weeks and could protrude a knight’s armour

90
Q

What is a siege?

A

A siege is when an army surrounds an enemy castle trapping its inhabitants inside

91
Q

What were the most effective methods of forcing the inhabitants to surrender?

A

Starvation and disease

92
Q

Some methods of attacking a castle were:

A

Battering ram, wooden cover (animal skins), tunnels, trebuchet, ballista, mangonel, belfries , scaling ladder and throwing rotten carcasses

93
Q

Some methods of defending were:

A

murderhole, portcullis, crenel, ditch, missiles, forked sticks, battlement, merlon, loopohole and batters

94
Q

Roman cities fell into disrepair because people

A

went to the countryside

95
Q

By the eleventh century, towns … in size

A

grew

96
Q

Which three countries had the greatest increase in towns?

A

Italy, Spain and Flanders

97
Q

People liked to live close to…. because it made them feel more secure

A

Castles and monasteries

98
Q

The development of more towns created the

A

bourgeoisie

99
Q

What is the bourgeoisie

A

The middle class who wanted to trade and control land for their own benefit

100
Q

How could citizens free themselves of feudal duties to their lords?

A

Gain a town charter from their lord

101
Q

What rights did the town charter give them?

A

Hold a market, control prices, make and administer laws, elect a mayor/council, the lord would have a market for his crops and weigh/measure good to ensure people were trading honestly

102
Q

Towns and cities were enclosed with walls to

A

protect themselves at nightfall from invaders and to make merchants pay taxes to trade

103
Q

By late 1100’s, most towns had a weekly

A

market or outdoor stalls

104
Q

List some of the international luxuries bought at the time:

A

Silks from China, Persia and Syria
Cotton from Egypt and India
Ivory from Ethiopia
Pearls from Persia and Ceylon

105
Q

Wealthy people wanted spices from

A

the East to flavour food and wines

106
Q

Who needed exotic ingredients for their remedies

A

Apothecaries

107
Q

Cloth manufacturers relied on… from the East

A

alum

108
Q

Cloth manufacturers relied on dyes from

A

India, Sumatra and Indochina

109
Q

Cities like Bristol, Bruges, Genoa, London, Lübeck and Venice had

A

good access to waterways making them important trading centres

110
Q

The Champagne fairs were to

A

attract merchants and benefit from their taxes

111
Q

The city of ….. were the first to develop banking and money changing as a business

A

Genoa

112
Q

Over time, instead of money merchants used

A

Bills of exchange

113
Q

Banker’s disguised loans in various ways as to not appear as to disobey…

A

the Church’s ban on moneylending

114
Q

What was one acceptable currency used throughout all of Europe because of its consistent size and weight

A

The florin

115
Q

By 1100s ….. was the focus of international trade

A

Mediterranean Sea

116
Q

In the 13th century, towns along the Baltic and North Sea in Northern Europe established the:

A

Hanseatic League to protect each other from pirates

117
Q

By the 17th century, which three rivers were Europe’s major transport network?

A

The Rhine, Danube and Rhone

118
Q

Which transport route provided trade between the Mediterranean and Asia?

A

The Silk Road

119
Q

Until the mid-fifteenth century, which three cities controlled trade with the East?

A

Venice, Genoa and Constantinople

120
Q

When did the Ottomans take over Constantinople?

A

1453 CE

121
Q

What did the Ottomans do when they took over Constantinople?

A

Placed huge taxes on it

122
Q

Western Europeans began to look for new trade routes to the East especially with

A

India

123
Q

Portuguese and Spanish Explorers began to look for new trade routes?

A

Around Africa, India and the Americas

124
Q

What were new products unique to the Southern Hemisphere?

A

Maize, potatoes and tobacco

125
Q

Charlemagne

A

(747-814)

126
Q

Charlemagne became King of the Franks

A

768-800

127
Q

Who crowned Charlemagne Emperor?

A

Pope Leo |||

128
Q

What countries did Charlemagne’s empire span?

A

Belgium, France, Netherlands, Switzerland

Areas of Austria, Italy, Germany and Spain

129
Q

Charlemagne ordered the death of thousands of people who

A

opposed his rule or refused to convert to Catholicism

130
Q

Charlemagne ordered:

A

Everyone to be educated, preservation of ancient texts, encouragement of art, standard language (Latin), standard weights, common writing style, standard money

131
Q

What is Charlemagne known as?

A

The Father of Europe

132
Q

Charlemagne gave Europe a

A

common identity/culture

133
Q

Charlemagne’s heirs were

A

lacked his skills and rivalry allowed his empire to fall aprt

134
Q

Eleanor of Aquitaine

A

(1122-1204)

135
Q

Eleanor was queen of

A

France and England

136
Q

Eleanor married which French King?

A

Louis VII for 15 years

137
Q

After her marriage was annulled , Eleanor married which English king?

A

Henry Plantagenet or King Henry || of England

138
Q

Eleanor had …. many kids with King Henry and which two of them succeeded the throne?

A

8 kids, Richard and John

139
Q

What happened to Eleanor when she supported her children against her husband?

A

She was put in jail for 16 years until she was released by her son Richard

140
Q

While Richard fought in the Crusades, Eleanor

A

ruled England in his stead

141
Q

Joan of Arc

A

(1412-1431)

142
Q

When Joan was 12, what did the three saints tell her?

A

That she should drive the English out of French territory and to crown Charles V||| as King

143
Q

In 1429, Joan convinced Louis to let her

A

ride for France and liberate Orleans

144
Q

Burgundian troops captured Joan on

A

23 May, 1430

145
Q

Joan was sold to the English who

A

put her on trial for heresy and burnt her at the stake at 19 years old

146
Q

In 1456, a French court declared Joan

A

innocent

147
Q

In 1920, the Catholic Church proclaimed Joan of Arc

A

a saint

History (1 decks)

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