MEDIEVAL CHURCH HISTROY MID TERM Flashcards
What is the period of the Middle Ages?
AD. 590- 1517
Between the early church and reformation,
What is History?
The unfolding of Gods providence in time.
What man has done from the beginning to present and also God’s dealings w/man in time and space
Historiography
writing about history
Why the lack of Accuracy?
-Man is finite
-Evidence is finite
Primary Source
a source that is original to the context you are writing about.
secondary source
work written about the person or event
Why Study Medieval Church history?
Protestant forefathers continually qoute Mid evil theologian/ reference them.
Luther, Calvin were living in a Medieval world prior to the reformation. They are ministering in a late Medieval context.
In order to understand the reformation we must understand the medieval period.
Not beginning a new church but desire to reform it.
They were concerned about areas such as the Trinity, Doctrine of Christ, the atonement, Lord’s supper (1800’s by a monk), doctrine of salvation in the late Medieval ages, Doctrine of Scripture- Wicliffe, Huss.
Build on previous work and previouos errors.
Good things in the Medieval period. An embrace of Christianity.
Medieval Ages ended?
1517 the year Luther nailed the 95 thesis
(turning point or catalyst moment)
Med age started?
The 6th (590)century the life of gregory the great.
What was the Medieval period like?
-Wasnt simply a dark disease plaqued age
- Beautful architect during the middle ages
-the term middle ages came from the 15th and 16th century renissance. Viewed period a barberic
-Dark and light ages for the church during middle ages
Constatine
306-24 was the rise of Constatine. This is the hight point of the glory in the roman empire
- Made Christinanity a legal religion not an offical one. result was a flood in the church.
Why did the Roman empire fall?
sycretism and nominalism
CHristians blamed pagans, pagans blamed christians
- Taxes and debt kept growing
economic folly and foolishness
inflation
abudant imorality, wars, barbarian invasion, diseases, slavery
Church during collpase of roman empire
DId not collapse with empire. Remained organized, coherent and structured.
became a place of refuge
only organization left to build society
Gregory the Great
-Born in an infkuenced political church fsmily
-Recieved fsmily inhereitsnce and used it to found 6 monistaries
-Transforms home into a monistery
-becomes a monk for a time
Pope/ Bishop in 590 after being his letters written to the byzantine empire for help was rejected, Plaques and floods, state goverment collapsed, ransomming, people believed Christ must be coming and the world was ending
Gregory rejected the name pope and was called bishop instead
How did pope gregory respond
Do whatever he could do to save the remaining population
- becomes and serves as civil leader
-organizes local militia
dispatch troops, gives tactical advice
-uses money from church treasure to give to soldiers - makes peace treaty with the lombards using church treasure.
More on pope gregory
People begun to look to the church for politcal and spiritual needs. This lays the foundation for later popes, not just ecclestatical but also secular
What was Pope Gregory lilke?
Man of humility
servant of God
Missionary heart
Desired to see advancements of christianity
Qoute by Greggory to the Patriach of Constantine
“whoever calls themsleves the universal preist or wants this title is the antichrist”
Theology of Gregory (strengths)
-Influenced by Augustine
-Depravity of man
-Christ alone by soveriegn grace can rescue sinners from the bondage of sin.
Theology of Gregory (weaknesses)
-Salvation comes by regeneration
-Sinned are washed away by Lord’s supper
-Work of Christ carried out in the sacrements
-Bedding for romes doctrines (seeds of the RCC)
-Belief in purgatory
-Special Lord’s day service for the dead.
- Language of Mass begins in the 590-600
-opposed images/icons unless for teaching
-838 letters of his survived
-emphasis on dreams/miracles
- Gregory would also algorize scriputre in letters
Augustine of Cantenburg
baptism of Jews
10,000 jews were baptized by the preaching of the monks. Voluntary conversions
Patrick of Culuma
key figure
converted in slavery
after escaping salvery, goes to ireland to evangelize pagan area
Celtics
some say they are proto protestants while Augustine of cateburg is proto roman catholicism
Adden MIssionary (celtic monk)
in 751?
paganism replaced Christinaity
Beed (623-675)
“father of english history”
called, “father and master beed”
-many sermons/commentsaires
-new greek, english , hebrew, latin
*** main source of Christian histroy up to the 8th century.
on his death bed he said, “ my soul longs to see Christ my King in all His beauty…”
Bonafice (753)
Labors in the area of Fresha
baptizes many converts
Evangelistic methods
expansion of Islam 732
political weakness as well as superior fighting skills explain the speed with which islam expanded
Birth/rule of muhammad
500s-600s
Quran
286 chapters - “suras”
-arranged by length not chronologicslly
-no clarity of histroy, poetic and prophetic
-recognize prophets of past, muhammad greatest
-judgement day,paradise
-Various schools of interpretation Shehites and Sunis
- quran isnt enough to understand islam, need hadites
Life of Muhammad
570-633
-610 he claims call to prophethood (40) years old
-uncle raised him
-parents died when young
-wanted to end his life (610) with his experinces with “gabriel” thought he was demon possesed
-messenger of allah
Muslims and dating
date there years from the Hijah, the esbalsiment of a community. They are to build a kingdom on earth.
muslims
permission to fight untill their is no more unbelief
Muhammad
killed those who disagreed with his teachings
conquest of Mecca- 630,,, 14,000 men. the Meccans forced to convert
dies years later by being poiinsed by a jewish woman. she said if he was a prophet he wouldnt die.
- final sayings, “may allah curse the jews and christians
The Holy catholic church
begins to split in 740s actually happens in 1054
Charlemagne and Charles
Charlemagne believed Christianity was to spread by using the sword- baptism or die.
Pope leo crowned charlomagne
Charlnesmagne is than crowned by son becuase he doesnt like that authortiy came from prope
Charlemagne views self of OT king/priest like david/josiah/soloman… “Moses of the middle ages”
Theodolph(750-821)
Wrote against heresy
- wrote about filioque clause
-hmyn writer
charloligians
10 th century
the west swings to the east postion of icons
Filiqoue clause
Charlemagne added it in 381 Constantinople
Great controversy
589 spanish council of toledo over the filioque clause. the east believed it to be false. Pope was not have with charlemagne position
The Lords supper
The great coversery of the age in the early 800s.
Raddbertus helped to a transubstation view
Ratranmus more of a spiritual view. Wrote about the biblical view of the Lords supper in lue of Charles request.
John Erigna
moves to frankish kingdom
sides with proponets of predestination and sides with ratranmus
Aglord (789-804)
became a preist and became archbishop
-refuted the doctrine of adoptionism
- proclaimed Christ as only mediator and that faith should be in Him alone.
Gottschalk (808-868)
Saxton
- first gen under frankish dominance
-age of 9 monastery
- Influenced by Augustine and begins to teach the doctrines of grace, sin and predestination
-imprisioned for his belief/teaching on double predestination
- foreknowlsege of evil acts- recieve just judgement
- elected His people
- God does not desire salvation for all
-elect cannot be lost
-particular redemption - Lord supper inline with ratranmnus
-baptismal remission of sin
Leo the Isaurian
founder of the byzantine dynsasty
-son of constantine V
- Icon controversy (he was against them)
-Fought againt islam with son
820-867
byzantine empire strengthed, new hieghts of glory. victories against islamic camphgain
Major leader Basil I (867-886)
golden age of byzantine empire
- Byz becomes biggest power in the world
What are developments in BYz - EO church
No pews, pulpits, instruments
-Alot of icons
-icons were reminders of being partakers of the worship in heavem
- visual help/reminder of heavenly realities
prayers for saints help in worshiping and honoring Trinity.
EO interior sanctuary
-divided by steps
Iconoclastic controversy (726-843)
2 demonsial pics
-icons reveal presence of Christ and saints as well
Leo Isarian (740-741)
icons great sin
- God’s wrath upon east
7th ecumenical council
Binds east and west and undoes the previous councils regarding icons
6 successive emperos oppose icons
IN 843
confirms icons in east (officially)
Filoque controversy
820-895
Photius defender of icons and opponent of Filoque clause
today known as st. photius the great
excommunicated for icons
patriach of east
-described as martrys
Van Til and Singer: A Theological
Approach to History
Dr. VanDoodeward/ 2011
- A student in any field in any field must realize that truth and meaning can only stand on the foundation of the truth of God’s Word
- An Accurate historical understanding can only exist in correspondence with the reality of a God-created, sustained and governed universe
- philosophy of history founded on and directed by divine revelation, Christ, and His redeeming work.
Gregory I, Letters and Pastoral Rule
Gregory I/ 590-604
1.The ruler should always be pure in thought, and no impurity should ever pollute him who has undertaken the office.
2.A ruler should always be chief in action that way he can point out the way of life to others
3. A ruler should be humble and not set his heart on pleasing men.
Willibald, Life of St.
Boniface, 1-17
1.Bonafice began to serve God in his childhood.
2. At the proper age Bonafice assumed the office of a teacher
3. We are given an overview of the outstanding events in the saints life.
The Quran, sura 2:1286
Muhamamd
1.Sura 2 verse 193 gives Muslims the permission to fight against disbelievers who are fighting them.
2. It talks about faith and disbelief
3. Speaks about Jesus, Moses, satan, creation, Judaism and Christianity.
Radbertus, Concerning the Body and Blood of the Lord
Radbertus
1.Christ body and blood are truly created by consecration of the sacrament.
2. Those who believe the divine words of Jesus do not doubt this.
3.God’s power over nature effectively works beyond the reach of reason.
Gottschalk, On Predestination, 107-
119*;
gottschalk/none
1.Gottschalk quotes a bunch of verses from the gospels and Pauls epistles that supporting predistnestion
2.The church being the bride of Christ can only be said about the saints, the elect of God
3.Gottschalk presents the falleness of man and also the necessity of grace
Akathist Hymns;* Simeon the New
Theologian, The First Created Man*
1.Christ sent the Spirit and he says that this was the entire goal and purpose of the incarnation
2.Those who receive the Holy Spirit should no longer have an corrupt life in themselves
3. The only way back to the original state Adam was in is by the power of God received by human beings through union with the divine.
Clairvaux, On Loving God
Bernard of Clairvaux , 1090
1.We are to love God boundlessly because He first loved us.
2. God is infinite and immeasurable so how could we bound our love for Him.
3. God is love and the gift of God. Essential love imparity the quality of love.
The Rule of the Franciscan Order
Francis/1223
1.It means the order of lesser brothers
2. The writing was birth from a need of pastoral care as the old ecclesiastical structure which was no longer adequate
3. The rule and life of the lesser brother is to observe the holy gospel of our Lord Jesus.
Ratramnus, On the Body and Blood of the Lord,
1.Ratramus is arguing against a transubstation position of the Lord’s supper.
2. The position he seems to support is moreso inline with the reformed spiritual understanding of the Lords supper
3. Ratramus uses straightforward logic and hermeneutics to reach his conclusions.
Bernard of Cluny,
Concerning Contempt for the World:*
Hildegard of Bingen, Writings and Songs*
Hugh of St. Victor, The Moral Ark;*
Clairvaux, On Loving God, 1-39*.
Bernard of CLairvaux, 1090
1.We are to love God boundlessly because He first loved us.
2. God is infinite and immeasurable so how could we bound our love for Him.
3. God is love and the gift of God. Essential love imparity the quality of love.
Benedict of Nursia, The Holy Rule of St. Benedict, 1-85
Geoffery of Villehardouin, The
Conquest of Constantinople, 5-40
Guiot of Dijon, Song
Deeds of the
Franks
Gottschalk, A Hymn to God the LifeGiver
Remigius of Lyon, In Defense of Gottschalk
Pope Urban II, Sermon;*
Florus of Lyon, Sermon on Predestination, 206-211
Hildebrand (1023-1085)
Taught infallibility to papacy
-infallible succesor of peter
-papal authority is excersised over all churches, goverment, throughout the world
-papal is sanctifed by apotlse peter merits
-Apostle peter lives in the body of Hildebrand
-elected as pope in 1073 and changes name to Gregory the 7th
(We are seeing what the reformers would deal with)
Simony
Buying/selling positions in the church
Dictatus papae
1075, Papal decree. List of claims
- Rome church established by God alone
- Only Rome alone is called universal
3.Only pope can exercise church discipline - Only the popes feet you can kiss
- Rome can never be err, for all eternity. Scrpiture testifies of this.
Leos Edict against Icons
730.
all icons destroyed. Civil punishment if hidden. Imprisoned, tortured and death.
11th century (greece monastry mt. Athos)
40,000 living on peninsula Monastary (greece)
-20 main ones
-# 1 for monastary for even today
- consecrated to mary
- no womans allowed
Basil II
(976-1025)
Byz becomes biggest power in the world.
Bolgaria becomes part of byzantine empire after 20 year war
History of franks
Many embraced Christianity in an external way
Simeon the New Theologian
- Born in Galatia
- Claimed to Prophecy
-The gift of tears, conviction of sin led to sobbing
-Critic of nominal Christianity
-Taught perfectionism
-Became on of the most beloved saints and theologians
-Mystical in teaching, false discovery with emotions/feelings/affections and knowledge
Adden MIssionary (celtic monk)
Went to northern England
- He was careful not to neglect the scriptures
-Man who loved the scriptures and wanted to see the lost come to Christ
Columba
(521-597)
“apostle of Scotland)
-Presbtyr monk
-loved to sing psalms
-passion for missions and seeing lost come to Christ
Bogomills
2nd heretical group
Founders name was Priest Bogomill
-influeced by Paulicans
-rejects OT, marriage, meat, and everything physical in worship
*spreads rapidly
Paulicans
Gnostic movement, starts 7th century
-FOunded by Constantine
-evil and inferior god created the physical world
-only gospels and pauls epistles came from God
The changes of the EO ?
For the first 1,000 years EO changed. For the last 1,000 years that have remained the same. This has made it appealing to many
Themes of Islam
allah is the supreme being
-Prophets of the past, muhammad greatest
-judment day
-paradise
-defending quran
Interior sanctuary of the EAST
*No pews, pulpit, instruments
*Divided congregtion and platform by steps
*Iconostasis was a screen that had 3 doors which seperated the communion table from the congregation
*9th century screen is adroned with icons
*Holy doors had alot of symbols to symbolize the Trinity.
* through the doors is the altar, the holy table or throne of God
* on top of holy table was a Crucifix, 2 candles, the gospels. Behind it was the seat for the bishop and the seats of the lesser clergy
*relects underneath
East/ West Schisms
Long rivarly between ROme and COnstantinople
-eccleseastical and political
differneces:
celebancy required in west
- east allowed marriage for priest
west- unleavened bread
-east leavened
east- immersed3 times in the name of the Trinity
-West, variety- infusion, sprinkle(norm)
Theological differences between east and west?
1)East
- denied purgatory
-denied punishment after death
- Some believers wont be in heaven after death due to sin
- Taught you could pray for them
-Salvation is fundamentally about death and not sin.
-describes death as cosmic force
-focues on ressurcestion
2) West
- purgatory
-Influenced by Augustine, depravity, guilt of sin
-salvation from death and penalty of sin
-Emphasis on crucifixion
Alfred the great
849-899
Reigned in a kingdom called recix
- like a charlomagne
-concerned about Christianity
-supported Christian endevours
East/ west split
july 16, 1054, cardinal lays on table excommunicating the patriach. Accuses him of blasphemy. Anathematizes the eastern church.
both believed they were the one true churhc.
Crusades
Serious of military exhibitions to the middle east
encouraged and blessed by the catholic church to reclaim tthe holy land from the muslims
Educt of Milan
The edict ceased the persecution of Christianity, granted legal recognition to the faith, and restored seized property to its practitioner
Constantine 313
Four main crusades
