medicine timeline Flashcards
1
Q
what was the understanding of disease based on in the prehistoric period?
A
spirits, god, religion
2
Q
there was no medical care in what era?
A
prehistoric
3
Q
what was the life expectancy of males in prehistory?
A
30-35
4
Q
what was the life expectancy of females in prehistory and why was it so low?
A
15-25 because of the dangers of childbirth
5
Q
in prehistory most people suffered from painful swelling of the joints, what is this called?
A
osteoarthritis
6
Q
in prehistory the most popular form of surgery was trepanning, what was it?
A
designed to release evil spirits from a sick person by drilling a hole in their head
7
Q
what was the style of writing called that was put forward by the egyptians?
A
papyrus
8
Q
which group of people in history developed trade?
A
eqyptians
9
Q
what was the egyptians understanding of the body?
A
there were 42 blood channels based on ideas from the river nile
10
Q
what did egyptians believe caused illness?
A
undigested food blocking the blood channels
11
Q
medicine was still based on religion in ancient greece, true or false?
A
true
12
Q
by what year was there an asclepion in every town?
A
200BC
13
Q
what were asclepions used for and what happened inside them?
A
used to heal patients by resting, relaxing and exercising like a greek spa
14
Q
what time period was hippocrates from?
A
ancient greece
15
Q
who was the founder of the four humours theory?
A
hippocrates
16
Q
what were the four humours?
A
blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm
17
Q
according to the four humours theory, what caused illness?
A
an imbalance of one of the humours (too much of one)
18
Q
other than the four humours theory, what did hippocrates write?
A
the hippocratic collection
19
Q
what was the hippocratic collection?
A
more than 60 books detailing symptoms and treatments of many different diseases
20
Q
who suggested that imbalance of humours was cause and not symptom of disease?
A
aristotle
21
Q
what were the romans especially known for?
A
their excellent public health facilities
22
Q
what public health facilities did the romans introduce?
A
aqueducts, public baths, sewers, drains etc.
23
Q
why were water commissioners appointed in rome?
A
to ensure good supply of clean water
24
Q
who continued and developed the four humours theory?
A
galen
25
which time period was galen from?
ancient rome
26
what theory did galen put forward?
the theory of the opposites
27
what was the theory of the opposites?
the idea that illness could be treated by either removing the 'excess' humour or by adding more to its opposite
28
what did galen prove by his operation on a pig?
that the brain is important to the body
29
for how long did galens books stay as the foundation of medical treatment in europe?
the next 1500 years
30
when were the dark ages?
after the collapse of the roman empire, middle ages
31
how many people across europe died during the black death?
25 million
32
what were the two types of plague called?
bubonic and pneumonic
33
what did the bubonic plague entail?
50-75% chance of death within 8 days
34
what did the pneumonic plague entail?
90-95% chance of death within 2-3 days
35
what did people of the middle ages think caused the black death?
the jews, god, planets etc.
36
in 1400 how many hospitals were there in england organised by the christian church?
over 500
37
what was the impact of the beginning of protestantism in europe 1517?
it slowly decreased the power the catholic church had over medicine
38
who challenged and proved galen wrong?
vesalius
39
what is the name of vesalius' book?
the fabric of the human body
40
what did vesalius' work encourage others to do?
challenge galen
41
who developed ligatures?
pare
42
what did ligatures do?
they stopped bleeding after and during surgery which reduced infection and blood loss
43
what did the ointment that pare developed do?
it was used instead of cauterising wounds
44
what is the name of william harveys book?
an anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood
45
what did harvey's book prove?
that blood flows around the body and is carried away from the heart by the arteries and is returned through the veins
46
what did harvey prove that the heart acts like?
a pump
47
how many people died from the great plague in 1665?
69000 people
48
how did edward jenner discover vaccinations?
by using cow pox to treat small pox
49
the edward jenner findings impact were what?
slow and sporadic
50
due to the edward jenner vaccination discovery, napoleon did what?
had all of his soldiers vaccinated in 1805
51
why was the 1930s industrial revolution bad?
it brought many families into towns and cities which caused public health standards to decline
people worked 15 hours a day and had very little money
52
what were some symptoms of cholera?
muscle cramps, diarrhea, dehydration,fever etc.
53
what did edwin chadwick's report of 1842 report on?
the state of health of the people in cities,towns and villages
54
who was chadwick's report to?
the poor law commission
55
what did chadwick's report state about life expectancy?
there was a difference in life expectancy caused by the living and working conditions
56
what did chadwick suggest about life expectancy in the future?
that simple changes could extend life expectancy of the working class by an average of 13 years
57
who used nitrus oxide as an anesthetic for the first time in 1845?
horace wells
58
who first successfully used ether as an anesthetic in surgery in 1845?
william morton
59
what was one of the drawbacks of ether?
it irritated the lungs
60
how did james simpson discover chloroform in 1847?
in a sampling session with friends
61
why wouldn't the medical world accept simpson's discovery of chloroform?
ether had just been discovered
62
why didn't doctors like chloroform at first?
they were wary of how much to give to patients
63
what happened 11 weeks after the discovery of chloroform by simpson?
a patient who was getting an ingrowing toenail removed died in newcastle
64
how did chloroform gain publicity?
queen victoria used it during her 1853 last birth to prince leopold
65
who ordered their students to wash their hands in 1847?
semmelweiss
66
in 1847 who became the first woman doctor in the USA?
elizabeth blackwell
67
what did the 1848 public health act allow?
local authorities to borrow money to pay for public health improvements if they wanted to
68
why was the first 1848 public health act ineffective?
it was compulsory for councils to enforce it
69
what did the 1854 crimean war have an impact on?
nightingale and seacole contributed to the improvements in hospitals
70
what did florence nightingale's two influential books contain?
notes on nursing and hospitals
71
what did nightingale set up?
nursing schools
72
in 1854, what did john snow prove?
that the government were to blame for diseases like cholera, not the way in which people lived
73
how did john snow prove that government were to blame?
through epidemiology he linked the cholera epidemic with the broad street pump
74
what did queen victoria do in 1857?
she publicly advocates the use of simpson's chloroform as she used it during the birth of her eighth child
75
what caused the 1858 great stink?
the summer was hot and dry so river levels decreased therefore the smell spread across london into the houses of parliament
76
following the great stink, who designed london's sewer system?
joseph bazalgette
77
in 1858, doctors qualifications had to be regulated through what?
the general medical council
78
while pasteur was working on the germ theory in 1861, what other thing was he working on?
a method to keep beer and wine fresh
79
what caused the whole understanding of how diseases are caused to change in the 1800s?
the 1861 germ theory
80
who was the first female doctor in the UK 1865?
elizabeth garrett-anderson
81
what did octavia hill do in 1865?
she began buying slum houses and cleaning them up to provide better housing for workers
82
what did octavia hills work influence?
the passing of the 1875 artisans' dwelling act
83
what was in the 1875 artisans' dwelling act?
permission to councils to knock down slums on health grounds
84
who was the first female doctor in the UK 1865?
elizabeth garrett-anderson
85
what did octavia hill do in 1865?
she began buying slum houses and cleaning them up to provide better housing for workers
86
what did octavia hills work influence?
the passing of the 1875 artisans' dwelling act
87
what was in the 1875 artisans' dwelling act?
permission to councils to knock down slums on health grounds
88
what did joseph lister use as internal stitches in 1867?
sterilised catgut (string)
89
what did robert koch discover in 1881?
the specific bacteria that causes anthrax
90
what new method did koch establish?
staining bacteria
91
causes of many diseases were found due to koch's methods, what are some examples?
typhus in 1880
cholera in 1883
tetanus in 1884
92
what was good about the 1875 public health act?
it was made compulsory
93
what did the 1875 public health act require?
that sewers and housing must be moved away from eachother and houses must be a certain distance apart
94
what did william halstead introduce?
the wearing of sterilised rubber gloves and surgical masks to prevent infection in surgery
95
who discovered x-rays in 1895?
wilhelm rontgen
96
what was the problem of the 1895 x-ray discovery?
it wasn't brought into the spotlight until WW1
97
what did marie curie discover in 1895?
two radioactive elements
98
what were the two radioactive elements discovered by marie curie in 1895 named?
radium and polonium
99
who discovered blood groups in 1901?
karl landsteiner
100
what did landsteiner's discovery of blood groups lead to?
successful blood transfusions
101
who discovered magic bullets in 1905?
paul ehrlich
102
what is an example of one of the magic bullets and what did it treat?
salvarsan 606 to treat syphilis
103
what was the problem with ehrlich's magic bullet discovery?
they were based on arsenic so they could kill the patient easily
104
who was leader of the liberal reforms?
david lloyd-george
105
what were the liberal reforms based on?
investigations by rowntree and booth that highlighted the state of poverty and its impacts on people's health
106
what did the national insurance act of 1911 entail?
free medical treatment and sick pay for working men, also a maternity benefit of 30 shillings
107
who provided the funds for the national insurance act sick pay?
government and employers
108
why was WW1 a big turning point?
it resulted in many patients needing skin grafts as treatment for burns
109
in 1916 why was sodium citrate added to blood?
to prevent it from clotting so it could be stored for several weeks before being used in blood transfusions
110
what did alexander fleming discover?
penicillin
111
how did fleming discover penicillin in 1928?
he found mold growing on a petri dish he had accidentally left out
112
what did fleming write articles on?
the properties of penicillin
113
who invented skin grafts?
archibald mcindoe
114
how many skin graft operations did archibald mcindoe carry out?
over 4000
115
what was set up as a support network for people with skin grafts?
the guinea pig club
116
what did domagk discover?
prontosil
117
what did florey and chain do?
they worked on producing penicillin as a drug
118
why was florey and chain's penicillin drug successful?
it was the second most funded project by the USA in WW2
119
what was a part of d-day soldiers medical kits?
penicillin
120
what report was published in 1942?
the beveridge report
121
what was the beveridge report seen as?
the blueprint for the NHS
122
why did working people start paying national insurance?
because of the beveridge report
123
what did the national health service act provide for?
a free and comprehensive health service
124
what did the united nations set up?
the world health organisation
125
what did WHO do by 1980?
wiped out small pox
126
what two things were set up in 1948?
world health organisation and the NHS
127
what were more evenly distributed around britain due to the NHS?
hospitals and doctors
128
what prompted the beginning of the NHS?
bevan publically advocating the NHS in his speeches which gained support
129
who did bevan compromise with?
private doctors persuading them to work in the NHS
130
why did the NHS spiral out of control?
the costs were much higher than expected
131
by 1950 how much was the NHS costing?
358 million
