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Medicine Through Time > medicine timeline > Flashcards

medicine timeline Flashcards

1
Q

what was the understanding of disease based on in the prehistoric period?

A

spirits, god, religion

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2
Q

there was no medical care in what era?

A

prehistoric

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3
Q

what was the life expectancy of males in prehistory?

A

30-35

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4
Q

what was the life expectancy of females in prehistory and why was it so low?

A

15-25 because of the dangers of childbirth

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5
Q

in prehistory most people suffered from painful swelling of the joints, what is this called?

A

osteoarthritis

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6
Q

in prehistory the most popular form of surgery was trepanning, what was it?

A

designed to release evil spirits from a sick person by drilling a hole in their head

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7
Q

what was the style of writing called that was put forward by the egyptians?

A

papyrus

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8
Q

which group of people in history developed trade?

A

eqyptians

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9
Q

what was the egyptians understanding of the body?

A

there were 42 blood channels based on ideas from the river nile

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10
Q

what did egyptians believe caused illness?

A

undigested food blocking the blood channels

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11
Q

medicine was still based on religion in ancient greece, true or false?

A

true

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12
Q

by what year was there an asclepion in every town?

A

200BC

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13
Q

what were asclepions used for and what happened inside them?

A

used to heal patients by resting, relaxing and exercising like a greek spa

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14
Q

what time period was hippocrates from?

A

ancient greece

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15
Q

who was the founder of the four humours theory?

A

hippocrates

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16
Q

what were the four humours?

A

blood, black bile, yellow bile and phlegm

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17
Q

according to the four humours theory, what caused illness?

A

an imbalance of one of the humours (too much of one)

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18
Q

other than the four humours theory, what did hippocrates write?

A

the hippocratic collection

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19
Q

what was the hippocratic collection?

A

more than 60 books detailing symptoms and treatments of many different diseases

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20
Q

who suggested that imbalance of humours was cause and not symptom of disease?

A

aristotle

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21
Q

what were the romans especially known for?

A

their excellent public health facilities

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22
Q

what public health facilities did the romans introduce?

A

aqueducts, public baths, sewers, drains etc.

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23
Q

why were water commissioners appointed in rome?

A

to ensure good supply of clean water

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24
Q

who continued and developed the four humours theory?

A

galen

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25
Q

which time period was galen from?

A

ancient rome

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26
Q

what theory did galen put forward?

A

the theory of the opposites

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27
Q

what was the theory of the opposites?

A

the idea that illness could be treated by either removing the ‘excess’ humour or by adding more to its opposite

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28
Q

what did galen prove by his operation on a pig?

A

that the brain is important to the body

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29
Q

for how long did galens books stay as the foundation of medical treatment in europe?

A

the next 1500 years

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30
Q

when were the dark ages?

A

after the collapse of the roman empire, middle ages

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31
Q

how many people across europe died during the black death?

A

25 million

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32
Q

what were the two types of plague called?

A

bubonic and pneumonic

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33
Q

what did the bubonic plague entail?

A

50-75% chance of death within 8 days

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34
Q

what did the pneumonic plague entail?

A

90-95% chance of death within 2-3 days

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35
Q

what did people of the middle ages think caused the black death?

A

the jews, god, planets etc.

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36
Q

in 1400 how many hospitals were there in england organised by the christian church?

A

over 500

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37
Q

what was the impact of the beginning of protestantism in europe 1517?

A

it slowly decreased the power the catholic church had over medicine

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38
Q

who challenged and proved galen wrong?

A

vesalius

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39
Q

what is the name of vesalius’ book?

A

the fabric of the human body

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40
Q

what did vesalius’ work encourage others to do?

A

challenge galen

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41
Q

who developed ligatures?

A

pare

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42
Q

what did ligatures do?

A

they stopped bleeding after and during surgery which reduced infection and blood loss

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43
Q

what did the ointment that pare developed do?

A

it was used instead of cauterising wounds

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44
Q

what is the name of william harveys book?

A

an anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood

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45
Q

what did harvey’s book prove?

A

that blood flows around the body and is carried away from the heart by the arteries and is returned through the veins

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46
Q

what did harvey prove that the heart acts like?

A

a pump

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47
Q

how many people died from the great plague in 1665?

A

69000 people

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48
Q

how did edward jenner discover vaccinations?

A

by using cow pox to treat small pox

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49
Q

the edward jenner findings impact were what?

A

slow and sporadic

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50
Q

due to the edward jenner vaccination discovery, napoleon did what?

A

had all of his soldiers vaccinated in 1805

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51
Q

why was the 1930s industrial revolution bad?

A

it brought many families into towns and cities which caused public health standards to decline
people worked 15 hours a day and had very little money

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52
Q

what were some symptoms of cholera?

A

muscle cramps, diarrhea, dehydration,fever etc.

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53
Q

what did edwin chadwick’s report of 1842 report on?

A

the state of health of the people in cities,towns and villages

54
Q

who was chadwick’s report to?

A

the poor law commission

55
Q

what did chadwick’s report state about life expectancy?

A

there was a difference in life expectancy caused by the living and working conditions

56
Q

what did chadwick suggest about life expectancy in the future?

A

that simple changes could extend life expectancy of the working class by an average of 13 years

57
Q

who used nitrus oxide as an anesthetic for the first time in 1845?

A

horace wells

58
Q

who first successfully used ether as an anesthetic in surgery in 1845?

A

william morton

59
Q

what was one of the drawbacks of ether?

A

it irritated the lungs

60
Q

how did james simpson discover chloroform in 1847?

A

in a sampling session with friends

61
Q

why wouldn’t the medical world accept simpson’s discovery of chloroform?

A

ether had just been discovered

62
Q

why didn’t doctors like chloroform at first?

A

they were wary of how much to give to patients

63
Q

what happened 11 weeks after the discovery of chloroform by simpson?

A

a patient who was getting an ingrowing toenail removed died in newcastle

64
Q

how did chloroform gain publicity?

A

queen victoria used it during her 1853 last birth to prince leopold

65
Q

who ordered their students to wash their hands in 1847?

A

semmelweiss

66
Q

in 1847 who became the first woman doctor in the USA?

A

elizabeth blackwell

67
Q

what did the 1848 public health act allow?

A

local authorities to borrow money to pay for public health improvements if they wanted to

68
Q

why was the first 1848 public health act ineffective?

A

it was compulsory for councils to enforce it

69
Q

what did the 1854 crimean war have an impact on?

A

nightingale and seacole contributed to the improvements in hospitals

70
Q

what did florence nightingale’s two influential books contain?

A

notes on nursing and hospitals

71
Q

what did nightingale set up?

A

nursing schools

72
Q

in 1854, what did john snow prove?

A

that the government were to blame for diseases like cholera, not the way in which people lived

73
Q

how did john snow prove that government were to blame?

A

through epidemiology he linked the cholera epidemic with the broad street pump

74
Q

what did queen victoria do in 1857?

A

she publicly advocates the use of simpson’s chloroform as she used it during the birth of her eighth child

75
Q

what caused the 1858 great stink?

A

the summer was hot and dry so river levels decreased therefore the smell spread across london into the houses of parliament

76
Q

following the great stink, who designed london’s sewer system?

A

joseph bazalgette

77
Q

in 1858, doctors qualifications had to be regulated through what?

A

the general medical council

78
Q

while pasteur was working on the germ theory in 1861, what other thing was he working on?

A

a method to keep beer and wine fresh

79
Q

what caused the whole understanding of how diseases are caused to change in the 1800s?

A

the 1861 germ theory

80
Q

who was the first female doctor in the UK 1865?

A

elizabeth garrett-anderson

81
Q

what did octavia hill do in 1865?

A

she began buying slum houses and cleaning them up to provide better housing for workers

82
Q

what did octavia hills work influence?

A

the passing of the 1875 artisans’ dwelling act

83
Q

what was in the 1875 artisans’ dwelling act?

A

permission to councils to knock down slums on health grounds

84
Q

who was the first female doctor in the UK 1865?

A

elizabeth garrett-anderson

85
Q

what did octavia hill do in 1865?

A

she began buying slum houses and cleaning them up to provide better housing for workers

86
Q

what did octavia hills work influence?

A

the passing of the 1875 artisans’ dwelling act

87
Q

what was in the 1875 artisans’ dwelling act?

A

permission to councils to knock down slums on health grounds

88
Q

what did joseph lister use as internal stitches in 1867?

A

sterilised catgut (string)

89
Q

what did robert koch discover in 1881?

A

the specific bacteria that causes anthrax

90
Q

what new method did koch establish?

A

staining bacteria

91
Q

causes of many diseases were found due to koch’s methods, what are some examples?

A

typhus in 1880
cholera in 1883
tetanus in 1884

92
Q

what was good about the 1875 public health act?

A

it was made compulsory

93
Q

what did the 1875 public health act require?

A

that sewers and housing must be moved away from eachother and houses must be a certain distance apart

94
Q

what did william halstead introduce?

A

the wearing of sterilised rubber gloves and surgical masks to prevent infection in surgery

95
Q

who discovered x-rays in 1895?

A

wilhelm rontgen

96
Q

what was the problem of the 1895 x-ray discovery?

A

it wasn’t brought into the spotlight until WW1

97
Q

what did marie curie discover in 1895?

A

two radioactive elements

98
Q

what were the two radioactive elements discovered by marie curie in 1895 named?

A

radium and polonium

99
Q

who discovered blood groups in 1901?

A

karl landsteiner

100
Q

what did landsteiner’s discovery of blood groups lead to?

A

successful blood transfusions

101
Q

who discovered magic bullets in 1905?

A

paul ehrlich

102
Q

what is an example of one of the magic bullets and what did it treat?

A

salvarsan 606 to treat syphilis

103
Q

what was the problem with ehrlich’s magic bullet discovery?

A

they were based on arsenic so they could kill the patient easily

104
Q

who was leader of the liberal reforms?

A

david lloyd-george

105
Q

what were the liberal reforms based on?

A

investigations by rowntree and booth that highlighted the state of poverty and its impacts on people’s health

106
Q

what did the national insurance act of 1911 entail?

A

free medical treatment and sick pay for working men, also a maternity benefit of 30 shillings

107
Q

who provided the funds for the national insurance act sick pay?

A

government and employers

108
Q

why was WW1 a big turning point?

A

it resulted in many patients needing skin grafts as treatment for burns

109
Q

in 1916 why was sodium citrate added to blood?

A

to prevent it from clotting so it could be stored for several weeks before being used in blood transfusions

110
Q

what did alexander fleming discover?

A

penicillin

111
Q

how did fleming discover penicillin in 1928?

A

he found mold growing on a petri dish he had accidentally left out

112
Q

what did fleming write articles on?

A

the properties of penicillin

113
Q

who invented skin grafts?

A

archibald mcindoe

114
Q

how many skin graft operations did archibald mcindoe carry out?

A

over 4000

115
Q

what was set up as a support network for people with skin grafts?

A

the guinea pig club

116
Q

what did domagk discover?

A

prontosil

117
Q

what did florey and chain do?

A

they worked on producing penicillin as a drug

118
Q

why was florey and chain’s penicillin drug successful?

A

it was the second most funded project by the USA in WW2

119
Q

what was a part of d-day soldiers medical kits?

A

penicillin

120
Q

what report was published in 1942?

A

the beveridge report

121
Q

what was the beveridge report seen as?

A

the blueprint for the NHS

122
Q

why did working people start paying national insurance?

A

because of the beveridge report

123
Q

what did the national health service act provide for?

A

a free and comprehensive health service

124
Q

what did the united nations set up?

A

the world health organisation

125
Q

what did WHO do by 1980?

A

wiped out small pox

126
Q

what two things were set up in 1948?

A

world health organisation and the NHS

127
Q

what were more evenly distributed around britain due to the NHS?

A

hospitals and doctors

128
Q

what prompted the beginning of the NHS?

A

bevan publically advocating the NHS in his speeches which gained support

129
Q

who did bevan compromise with?

A

private doctors persuading them to work in the NHS

130
Q

why did the NHS spiral out of control?

A

the costs were much higher than expected

131
Q

by 1950 how much was the NHS costing?

A

358 million

Medicine Through Time (8 decks)

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