Medicine through time people

Question 1

Who was Hippocrates and what did he do? 4 points

Answer 1

Greek physician,
Developed 4 humours (Yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood) unbalanced then ill, purge you!
Produced books, so can look for natural cures cf supernatural ones
Observed + recorded patients for diagnosis
Hippocratic oath - doctors not magicians will do everything to help patients

Question 2

Who was Aristotle and what did he do? 3 points

Answer 2

Greek philosopher,
Dissected animals and plants
Clinical observation was important
Discovered heart + brain controlled body - heart provides heat, brain cools it down

Question 3

Who was Herophilius? 5 points

Answer 3

First to perform human dissections in Alexandria
Discovered brain controls body
Identified parts of the body
Not in Greece so could perform dissections
Medical pioneer of time.

Question 4

Who was Herophilius and what did he do? 5 points

Answer 4

First to perform human dissections in Alexandria
Discovered brain controls body
Identified parts of the body
Not in Greece so could perform dissections
Medical pioneer of time.

Question 5

What was the history of Galen?

Answer 5

Doctor, studied medicine from 17, studied later in Alexandria
Worked in Asclepeia
Surgeon in gladiators school
Doctor to Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius 
Teacher of doctors

Question 6

What was the history of Galen? 5 points

Answer 6

Doctor, studied medicine from 17, studied later in Alexandria
Worked in Asclepeia
Surgeon in gladiators school
Doctor to Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius 
Teacher of doctors

Question 7

How was Galen useful? 5 points

Answer 7

Nerves come from the body - brain controls the body
Kidney’s produce urine
Observed and talked to patients
Developed ideas of Four humours - theory of opposites
Moved away from supernatural explanations.

Question 8

How was Galen NOT useful?

Answer 8

Dissected animals so mistakes - animal anatomy different

Question 9

How was Galen NOT useful?

Answer 9

Dissected animals so mistakes - animal anatomy different
Stated jaw bone made of two parts
Said heart was made of two parts - different parts of blood
Liver made new blood from food
People believed these ideas - stopped new ideas
Christian church accepted it, challenge Galen challenge God?

Question 10

How was Galen NOT useful? 6 points

Answer 10

Dissected animals so mistakes - animal anatomy different
Stated jaw bone made of two parts
Said heart was made of two parts - different parts of blood
Liver made new blood from food
People believed these ideas - stopped new ideas
Christian church accepted it, challenge Galen challenge God?

Question 11

Who was Ibn al Nafis and what did he do? 3 points

Answer 11

Said heart pumps blood around the lungs and back to the heart;
Challenged Galen’s idea that the blood passed from one side of the heart to other via invisible channels
No-one believed his idea!

Question 12

Who was Ambroise Pare and what did he do?

Answer 12

Barber surgeon, later joined French army as soldier - lots of practical experience (wars in C16)
Dressing of egg whites, oil of roses, and turps - sealed wounds and pain relief
Use of ligature to stop bleeding after amputation, tighten belt around artery would stem blood flow.

Question 13

Who was Ambroise Pare and what did he do? 3 points

Answer 13

Barber surgeon, later joined French army as soldier - lots of practical experience (wars in C16)
Dressing of egg whites, oil of roses, and turps - sealed wounds and pain relief
Use of ligature to stop bleeding after amputation, tighten belt around artery would stem blood flow.
Designed artificial limbs
Book on midwifery and founded midwife school in Paris

Question 14

Why was Ambroise Pare not accepted?

Answer 14

No qualifications, other physicians didn’t take him seriously

Question 15

Why was Ambroise Pare not accepted? 2 points

Answer 15

No qualifications, other physicians didn’t take him seriously

Question 16

Why was Ambroise Pare important? 2 points

Answer 16

Developed alternative to cauterization

Works were published with support from the king

Question 17

Who was William Harvey, and what did he do? 4 points

Answer 17

In 1615, theory that blood circulated around the body.
1616 discussed in lecture - heart propelled blood in a circular course.
Studied motion of blood in lives animals
Studied bodies of exacuted criminals

Question 18

Why was William Harvey important?

Answer 18

Disprove Galen’s argument of new blood - proved that it forced the blood around body through arteries - the blood was returned to the heart through the veins.

Question 19

What did William Harvey publish?

Answer 19

1628 formally presented his findings in

Anatomical Essay on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals

Question 20

Why did many people not like his idea?

Answer 20

Challenged Hippocrates idea that people could be purged (4 humours idea)

Question 21

Who was Paracelsus and what did he do?

Answer 21

Town doctor in Basel, Switzerland 1520s,
Criticised Galen and Ibn Sina -burnt their books
Questioned everything of Galen
Said 4 humours was wrong
Illnesses were caused by chemicals in the body -so should be treated by chemicals
Religious - believed God sent secret messages - signatures
ie plant looking like an illness

Question 22

Why did many people not like William Harvey’s idea?

Answer 22

Challenged Hippocrates idea that people could be purged (4 humours idea)

Question 23

Why did people ignore Paracelsus?

Answer 23

People trusted Galen’s ideas

Question 24

Why did many people not like William Harvey’s idea? 1 point

Answer 24

Challenged Hippocrates idea that people could be purged (4 humours idea)

Question 25

Who was Paracelsus and what did he do? 7 points

Answer 25

Town doctor in Basel, Switzerland 1520s,
Criticised Galen and Ibn Sina -burnt their books
Questioned everything of Galen
Said 4 humours was wrong
Illnesses were caused by chemicals in the body -so should be treated by chemicals
Religious - believed God sent secret messages - signatures
ie plant looking like an illness

Question 26

Why did people ignore Paracelsus? 1 point

Answer 26

People trusted Galen’s ideas

Question 27

What was small pox dangerous? 4 points

Answer 27

In the 18th century, smallpox - one of the biggest killers
Poorest sections of the population were worst affected by it
Smallpox killed 40,000 people a year - 1750 - 1800
Smallpox was frightening - if it didn’t kill you-it left you with pock marks, blind or deaf

Question 28

What were the early treatments (innoculation) 5 points

Answer 28

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was- Turkey - that young children were inoculated against smallpox
This involved taking puss from smallpox sore and placing onto a cut in the skin.
This gave people small dose not enough to kill them. In other words it made people immune to the disease
it some places it spread the disease more quickly
In some cases children who received this also suffered some of the effects of the disease by going blind or deaf,

Question 29

What did Edward Jenner do?

Answer 29

People believed if they caught cowpox they wouldn’t get smallpox.
Milkmaids caught cowpox, they were much less likely to catch smallpox.
23 different people and recorded the results
Cowpox does protect against smallpox.
He published his findings -vaccination-the Latin word for cow is ‘vacca.’
By 1852, made vaccination against smallpox compulsory and the amount people dying or contracting the disease decreased rapidly!

Question 30

Why did they not trust Edward Jenner? 7 points

Answer 30

Not like something that was new- odd
Unbelievable that a disease that came from cows could protect humans
Jenner could not explain HOW it worked
Doctors made a lot of money -did not want to lose that money
Vaccination was seen as dangerous -not all the doctors that used the method were careful enough–some people died!
Doctors used infected needles and killed patients that way
Vaccination was also not free

Question 31

How did the small pox vaccine work? 3 points

Answer 31

Almost the same virus
Jenner vaccinated them with cowpox, antibodies!
body became immune to it
Jenner was important - not microscopes strong enough to see how his vaccination worked- worked it out

Question 32

Who was Anthony Von Leeuwenhoek? 2 points

Answer 32

Dutchman - microscope x300

‘animacules’ in food, water and waste (bacteria) but nobody connected this with causing disease.

Question 33

Who was Pasteur? 5 points?

Answer 33

Went to University in Paris
Examined fermenting liquids - discovered micro organisms are everywhere
More in decay and filth
Investigated fermenting process - one micro organism making it go bad!
Heating + sealing it wouldn’t go bad (pasteurization)

Question 34

What was Pasteur’s germ theory? 3 points

Answer 34

Published Germ theory in 1861
disease was caused when bacteria entered body + grew
People wanted more proof!

Question 35

Why did people not trust the germ theory? 2 points

Answer 35

More proof

didn’t think something so small could cause disease

Question 36

Who trusted his ideas? what was the problem? 2 points

Answer 36

People like Joseph Lister - using Pasteur’s information - make surgery safer.
so many micro-organisms (germs) - impossible to tell which one caused a particular disease.

Question 37

What did Pasteur do after? (1879) (4 points)

Answer 37

Left solution of chicken cholera -atmosphere weakened bacteria
Chickens did not die! became immune
Weak form of disease act as vaccination
developed vaccination for anthrax.

Question 38

How did this differ to Jenner? (1 point)

Answer 38

Knew how vaccination worked.

Question 39

How did Koch help at the time? (1 point)

Answer 39

trying to find germs that caused the diseases (Pasteur could work out vaccinations)

Question 40

Who was Koch then? How did he find the bacteria? (1 point) + method

Answer 40

Method to find bacteria that caused Anthrax

1) take organs from sheep
2) extract the anthrax bacteria
3) grow bacteria in lab
4) inject mouse
5) mouse dies
6) repeat 20 times to prove bacteria is anthrax

Question 41

What else did Koch do (stain) (3 points)

Answer 41

‘staining’ technique- see the bacteria more clearly
small -difficult to identify it
staining the bacteria- easier to spot the germs that caused particular diseases.